1
BIOS252 Exam 1 Study
Guide () –
Anatomy and Physiology II
with Lab | Verified Content –
Chamberlain
General Study Tips
• Focus Areas: Emphasize the nervous system (central and peripheral), endocrine system
(hormones and glands), and cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels).
• Lab Integration: Review microscopy (e.g., neuron structure), dissection (e.g., heart
anatomy), and physiological measurements (e.g., ECG, blood pressure).
• Key Resources: Use Human Anatomy & Physiology (Marieb & Hoehn) for anatomical
and physiological details, focusing on chapters 11–15.
• Approach: Practice identifying structures in lab models and understanding physiological
processes through experimental data.
Review Questions
Question 1
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath observed under a microscope in a lab-prepared
nerve tissue slide?
A. Conduct action potentials
B. Protect axons from injury
C. Increase the speed of nerve impulses
D. Synthesize neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: C. Increase the speed of nerve impulses
Explanation: The myelin sheath, produced by Schwann cells (peripheral nervous system) or
oligodendrocytes (central nervous system), insulates axons, allowing faster nerve impulse
conduction via saltatory conduction, as observed in lab microscopy (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
, 2
Question 2
During a lab dissection, which structure is identified as the functional unit of the nervous
system?
A. Glial cell
B. Neuron
C. Synapse
D. Axon terminal
Correct Answer: B. Neuron
Explanation: The neuron, observed in lab dissections and slides, is the functional unit of the
nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting signals (Human Anatomy
& Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 3
In a lab experiment measuring action potentials, what ion is primarily responsible for
depolarization?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: B. Sodium
Explanation: Depolarization occurs when sodium ions enter the neuron via voltage-gated
channels, as measured in lab experiments simulating action potentials (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 4
Which part of the brain, identified in a lab model, regulates heart rate and breathing?
A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Hypothalamus
D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: B. Medulla oblongata
Explanation: The medulla oblongata, visible in brain models, contains autonomic centers that
regulate heart rate and breathing, per Chamberlain’s BIOS252 curriculum (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 12).
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Question 5
During a spinal cord dissection, what structure is observed as a butterfly-shaped gray matter?
A. White matter
B. Central canal
C. Gray matter
D. Dorsal root ganglion
Correct Answer: C. Gray matter
Explanation: The gray matter, seen as a butterfly or H-shape in spinal cord cross-sections during
lab dissection, contains neuron cell bodies and synapses (Human Anatomy & Physiology, Ch.
12).
Question 6
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump observed in a lab simulation of neuronal
membrane potential?
A. Generates action potentials
B. Maintains resting membrane potential
C. Releases neurotransmitters
D. Increases myelin production
Correct Answer: B. Maintains resting membrane potential
Explanation: The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential by
pumping 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell, as studied in lab simulations (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 7
In a lab, which cranial nerve is tested by asking a patient to follow a moving object with their
eyes?
A. Optic (II)
B. Oculomotor (III)
C. Trigeminal (V)
D. Vagus (X)
Correct Answer: B. Oculomotor (III)
Explanation: The oculomotor nerve (III), assessed in lab neurological exams, controls eye
movement, allowing tracking of objects (Human Anatomy & Physiology, Ch. 13).
BIOS252 Exam 1 Study
Guide () –
Anatomy and Physiology II
with Lab | Verified Content –
Chamberlain
General Study Tips
• Focus Areas: Emphasize the nervous system (central and peripheral), endocrine system
(hormones and glands), and cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels).
• Lab Integration: Review microscopy (e.g., neuron structure), dissection (e.g., heart
anatomy), and physiological measurements (e.g., ECG, blood pressure).
• Key Resources: Use Human Anatomy & Physiology (Marieb & Hoehn) for anatomical
and physiological details, focusing on chapters 11–15.
• Approach: Practice identifying structures in lab models and understanding physiological
processes through experimental data.
Review Questions
Question 1
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath observed under a microscope in a lab-prepared
nerve tissue slide?
A. Conduct action potentials
B. Protect axons from injury
C. Increase the speed of nerve impulses
D. Synthesize neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: C. Increase the speed of nerve impulses
Explanation: The myelin sheath, produced by Schwann cells (peripheral nervous system) or
oligodendrocytes (central nervous system), insulates axons, allowing faster nerve impulse
conduction via saltatory conduction, as observed in lab microscopy (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
, 2
Question 2
During a lab dissection, which structure is identified as the functional unit of the nervous
system?
A. Glial cell
B. Neuron
C. Synapse
D. Axon terminal
Correct Answer: B. Neuron
Explanation: The neuron, observed in lab dissections and slides, is the functional unit of the
nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting signals (Human Anatomy
& Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 3
In a lab experiment measuring action potentials, what ion is primarily responsible for
depolarization?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Correct Answer: B. Sodium
Explanation: Depolarization occurs when sodium ions enter the neuron via voltage-gated
channels, as measured in lab experiments simulating action potentials (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 4
Which part of the brain, identified in a lab model, regulates heart rate and breathing?
A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Hypothalamus
D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: B. Medulla oblongata
Explanation: The medulla oblongata, visible in brain models, contains autonomic centers that
regulate heart rate and breathing, per Chamberlain’s BIOS252 curriculum (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 12).
, 3
Question 5
During a spinal cord dissection, what structure is observed as a butterfly-shaped gray matter?
A. White matter
B. Central canal
C. Gray matter
D. Dorsal root ganglion
Correct Answer: C. Gray matter
Explanation: The gray matter, seen as a butterfly or H-shape in spinal cord cross-sections during
lab dissection, contains neuron cell bodies and synapses (Human Anatomy & Physiology, Ch.
12).
Question 6
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump observed in a lab simulation of neuronal
membrane potential?
A. Generates action potentials
B. Maintains resting membrane potential
C. Releases neurotransmitters
D. Increases myelin production
Correct Answer: B. Maintains resting membrane potential
Explanation: The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential by
pumping 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell, as studied in lab simulations (Human Anatomy &
Physiology, Ch. 11).
Question 7
In a lab, which cranial nerve is tested by asking a patient to follow a moving object with their
eyes?
A. Optic (II)
B. Oculomotor (III)
C. Trigeminal (V)
D. Vagus (X)
Correct Answer: B. Oculomotor (III)
Explanation: The oculomotor nerve (III), assessed in lab neurological exams, controls eye
movement, allowing tracking of objects (Human Anatomy & Physiology, Ch. 13).
