Advanced Pathophysiology Exam With
Answers
Overview of the Blood - CORRECT ANSWERS -•Blood
•5000ml
•Plasma
•3000ml
Hematocrit defined - CORRECT ANSWERS -- % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
Cytic vs Chromic - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
MCV and MCHC - CORRECT ANSWERS -MCV: Mean corpuscular volume - [average size rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs
compared to the average size of the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that was there
,Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Normocytic: Normal RBC
size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
Chromic Values
[Hgb content) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb [MCHC -Average amount
of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
Leukocytes
[WBCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
Bands - {Infective process - CORRECT ANSWERS --Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral infection
,Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious process - CORRECT ANSWERS -Leukocytosis
equals increase WBC's
Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
Types of Leukocytes:
- Granular - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Categorized according to the presence or absence of granules in the
cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular - CORRECT ANSWERS -*Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function] - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Total WBC count increases with infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
[shift in %) = Shift to the left or shift to the right
- Bands = immature neutrophils aka stabs
, [German for rods due to shape)
WBC Morphology/Fx - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Bands being immature with infection there is an increase in
production
= shift to the left
-nNeutrophilsn=nsegsnornpolysn=nmaturenpolymorphonuclearcytesnandnsegmented
WBC'snandnbandsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn-
ShouldntellnyounrightnawaynthatnwhennyounhavenanninfectionnandnthenWBCsnarencallednonntonreplicatenandn
attendntonthisninfection,nthatnthenfasterntheyndonitnthenmorenimmaturencellsntheynhavensonthenmorenbandsn
produced.
Howntontellnifnanninfectionnisnviralnornbacterial?
-nIfntherenisnanshiftntonthenleftn[increaseninnbands)nitnisnbacterialn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--
nThisnisnbecausenofnthenwaynthendifferentialnusedntonbendisplayedn[Shiftntonthenleftnthennyounwouldnseenthe
nWBCsngoingnup,nthenbandsngoingnup,nthenneutrophilsnornsegsnrisingnasnwellnandnthenothernpercentagesngoi
ngndownn[lymphocytesnandnmonocytesninnparticular]
Responsentoninfectionsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--nNeutrophilsnarenreleasedn
-nManynarenimmaturenorn"bands"
-n"Shiftntonthenleft"nindicatingnmorenbandsn=nacutenbacterialninfection
-n"Shiftntonthenright"nindicatesnanmorenviralninfection
Plateletsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--nSmall,nround,ncolorlessncells
-nMadeninnthenbonenmarrow
-nLifespan:n5n-n8ndays
-nNormalnlevel:n150kn-n300kn
- Keynsubstancenfornbloodnclotting
n n
Answers
Overview of the Blood - CORRECT ANSWERS -•Blood
•5000ml
•Plasma
•3000ml
Hematocrit defined - CORRECT ANSWERS -- % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
Cytic vs Chromic - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
MCV and MCHC - CORRECT ANSWERS -MCV: Mean corpuscular volume - [average size rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs
compared to the average size of the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that was there
,Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Normocytic: Normal RBC
size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
Chromic Values
[Hgb content) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb [MCHC -Average amount
of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
Leukocytes
[WBCs) - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
Bands - {Infective process - CORRECT ANSWERS --Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral infection
,Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious process - CORRECT ANSWERS -Leukocytosis
equals increase WBC's
Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
Types of Leukocytes:
- Granular - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Categorized according to the presence or absence of granules in the
cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular - CORRECT ANSWERS -*Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function] - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Total WBC count increases with infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
[shift in %) = Shift to the left or shift to the right
- Bands = immature neutrophils aka stabs
, [German for rods due to shape)
WBC Morphology/Fx - CORRECT ANSWERS -- Bands being immature with infection there is an increase in
production
= shift to the left
-nNeutrophilsn=nsegsnornpolysn=nmaturenpolymorphonuclearcytesnandnsegmented
WBC'snandnbandsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn-
ShouldntellnyounrightnawaynthatnwhennyounhavenanninfectionnandnthenWBCsnarencallednonntonreplicatenandn
attendntonthisninfection,nthatnthenfasterntheyndonitnthenmorenimmaturencellsntheynhavensonthenmorenbandsn
produced.
Howntontellnifnanninfectionnisnviralnornbacterial?
-nIfntherenisnanshiftntonthenleftn[increaseninnbands)nitnisnbacterialn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--
nThisnisnbecausenofnthenwaynthendifferentialnusedntonbendisplayedn[Shiftntonthenleftnthennyounwouldnseenthe
nWBCsngoingnup,nthenbandsngoingnup,nthenneutrophilsnornsegsnrisingnasnwellnandnthenothernpercentagesngoi
ngndownn[lymphocytesnandnmonocytesninnparticular]
Responsentoninfectionsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--nNeutrophilsnarenreleasedn
-nManynarenimmaturenorn"bands"
-n"Shiftntonthenleft"nindicatingnmorenbandsn=nacutenbacterialninfection
-n"Shiftntonthenright"nindicatesnanmorenviralninfection
Plateletsn-nCORRECTnANSWERSn--nSmall,nround,ncolorlessncells
-nMadeninnthenbonenmarrow
-nLifespan:n5n-n8ndays
-nNormalnlevel:n150kn-n300kn
- Keynsubstancenfornbloodnclotting
n n
