Chapter 10 Study Guide
1. Define the following:
a. Prime mover- Major responsibility for producing specific movement
b. Antagonist- Opposes or reverses particular movement
c. Synergist- Helps Prime movers
d. Fixator- type of synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle’s origin rather than enhancing movement of
prime movers
2. Describe the following actions in relation to where they cross a joint.
a. Flexion- A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint.
b. Extension- A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint.
c. Abduction- A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint.
d. Adduction- A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint.
3. List and describe the 7 characteristics that are used to name skeletal muscles.
Muscle location: bone or body region with which muscle associated
Muscle shape: distinctive shapes
Muscle size: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles: rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers run at right angles), and oblique
(fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis)
Number of origins: biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins)
Location of attachments: named according to point of origin and insertion
Muscle action: named for action they produce
4. List and describe the 8 different types of fascicle arrangement.
Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric rings
Convergent: broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion
Parallel: fascicles parallel to long axis of straplike muscle
Fusiform: spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers
Pennate: short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle
Unipennate: fascicles attach only to one side of tendon
Bipennate: fascicles insert from opposite sides of tendon
Multipennate: appears as feathers inserting into one tendon
5. Which are the most common?
Circular, Convergent, Parallel, Pennate
6. Which characteristics of muscle function do fascicle arrangement determine?
Range of motion and muscles power
7. Which arrangement is the most powerful?
Bipennate, multipennate muscles
8. Define/describe the following:
a. Lever- rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point called fulcrum (joint)
b. Effort- force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to lever to move resistance (load)
c. Load- resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) moved by the effort
d. Mechanical advantage- load is close to fulcrum, with effort far from fulcrum
e. Mechanical disadvantage- load is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum
1. Define the following:
a. Prime mover- Major responsibility for producing specific movement
b. Antagonist- Opposes or reverses particular movement
c. Synergist- Helps Prime movers
d. Fixator- type of synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle’s origin rather than enhancing movement of
prime movers
2. Describe the following actions in relation to where they cross a joint.
a. Flexion- A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint.
b. Extension- A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint.
c. Abduction- A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint.
d. Adduction- A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint.
3. List and describe the 7 characteristics that are used to name skeletal muscles.
Muscle location: bone or body region with which muscle associated
Muscle shape: distinctive shapes
Muscle size: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles: rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers run at right angles), and oblique
(fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis)
Number of origins: biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins)
Location of attachments: named according to point of origin and insertion
Muscle action: named for action they produce
4. List and describe the 8 different types of fascicle arrangement.
Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric rings
Convergent: broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion
Parallel: fascicles parallel to long axis of straplike muscle
Fusiform: spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers
Pennate: short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle
Unipennate: fascicles attach only to one side of tendon
Bipennate: fascicles insert from opposite sides of tendon
Multipennate: appears as feathers inserting into one tendon
5. Which are the most common?
Circular, Convergent, Parallel, Pennate
6. Which characteristics of muscle function do fascicle arrangement determine?
Range of motion and muscles power
7. Which arrangement is the most powerful?
Bipennate, multipennate muscles
8. Define/describe the following:
a. Lever- rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point called fulcrum (joint)
b. Effort- force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to lever to move resistance (load)
c. Load- resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) moved by the effort
d. Mechanical advantage- load is close to fulcrum, with effort far from fulcrum
e. Mechanical disadvantage- load is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum
