Chapter 1- study Guide
1. Define:
a. Anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
b. Physiology
Study of the function of body; how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities.
c. Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
Is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
d. Microscopic anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
-Cytology: Study of cells
-Histology: Study of tissues
e. Developmental anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
-Embryology: Study of developmental changes that occur before birth.
f. Pathophysiology
Studies physiological processes following disease or injury.
2. What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function? Provide two examples. Study Fig. 1,1
Showing a structure’s anatomy and an explanation of its function.
a. Bones are made of hard mineral deposits so that they can support and protect the body’s organs.
b. The lining of the small intestine has numerous tiny finger-like projections called villi, which help with
nutrient absorption.
3. List and describe how the human body is organized from smallest to largest (Figure 1.2). What is the simplest
unit of life? Know definitions of each level of organization. For ex. Definition of a tissue. Know the order from
smallest( atom) to largest ( organism).
Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level: Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules combine to form an organelle; organelles combine to
form a cell, such as a smooth muscle cell.
Tissue level: Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Similar types of cells combine to form a tissue, such as
smooth muscle tissue.
Organ level: Organs are made up of different types of tissues. For instance, a blood vessel is an organ composed
of three different types of tissue: smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.
Organ system level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. For example, the
cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart through blood vessels.
Organismal level: The human organism is made up of many different organ systems.
4. List and describe the 8 requirements for life.
, Maintaining boundaries
a. Separation between internal and external environments must exist
i. Plasma membranes separate cells
ii. Skin separates organism from environment
Movement
b. Of body parts (e.g, movement of the arm via skeletal muscles)
Contractility refers to muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening
i. Of cells (e.g., white blood cells move toward sites of infection)
ii. Of substances (e.g., cardiac muscle pumps blood)
Responsiveness (excitability)
c. Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them
i. Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
ii. Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
Digestion
d. Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules and their absorption into the blood
Metabolism
e. All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
i. Breakdown of molecules (catabolism)
ii. Synthesis of molecules (anabolism)
iii. Use of nutrients and oxygen to make energy in form of A T P (cellular respiration)
Excretion
f. Removal of wastes from digestion and metabolism
i. Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (byproduct of cellular respiration), and feces
(indigestible food residues)
Reproduction
g. At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
h. At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring
Growth
i. Increase in size of a body part or of organism
5. List and describe the 11 organ systems. Use Fig. 1.4 for this question. You won’t see this image on the test.
1. Define:
a. Anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
b. Physiology
Study of the function of body; how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities.
c. Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
Is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
d. Microscopic anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
-Cytology: Study of cells
-Histology: Study of tissues
e. Developmental anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
-Embryology: Study of developmental changes that occur before birth.
f. Pathophysiology
Studies physiological processes following disease or injury.
2. What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function? Provide two examples. Study Fig. 1,1
Showing a structure’s anatomy and an explanation of its function.
a. Bones are made of hard mineral deposits so that they can support and protect the body’s organs.
b. The lining of the small intestine has numerous tiny finger-like projections called villi, which help with
nutrient absorption.
3. List and describe how the human body is organized from smallest to largest (Figure 1.2). What is the simplest
unit of life? Know definitions of each level of organization. For ex. Definition of a tissue. Know the order from
smallest( atom) to largest ( organism).
Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level: Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules combine to form an organelle; organelles combine to
form a cell, such as a smooth muscle cell.
Tissue level: Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Similar types of cells combine to form a tissue, such as
smooth muscle tissue.
Organ level: Organs are made up of different types of tissues. For instance, a blood vessel is an organ composed
of three different types of tissue: smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.
Organ system level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. For example, the
cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart through blood vessels.
Organismal level: The human organism is made up of many different organ systems.
4. List and describe the 8 requirements for life.
, Maintaining boundaries
a. Separation between internal and external environments must exist
i. Plasma membranes separate cells
ii. Skin separates organism from environment
Movement
b. Of body parts (e.g, movement of the arm via skeletal muscles)
Contractility refers to muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening
i. Of cells (e.g., white blood cells move toward sites of infection)
ii. Of substances (e.g., cardiac muscle pumps blood)
Responsiveness (excitability)
c. Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them
i. Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
ii. Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
Digestion
d. Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules and their absorption into the blood
Metabolism
e. All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
i. Breakdown of molecules (catabolism)
ii. Synthesis of molecules (anabolism)
iii. Use of nutrients and oxygen to make energy in form of A T P (cellular respiration)
Excretion
f. Removal of wastes from digestion and metabolism
i. Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (byproduct of cellular respiration), and feces
(indigestible food residues)
Reproduction
g. At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
h. At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring
Growth
i. Increase in size of a body part or of organism
5. List and describe the 11 organ systems. Use Fig. 1.4 for this question. You won’t see this image on the test.
