NGR 6538 Exam
NGR 6538 Final – Review Questions and
Answers Graded A 2025
Information needed to obtain informed consent
-Risks/benefits
-Alternatives including what would happen without the medication
-Expected side effects and adverse effects
-Expected time on medication
-How the medication will be monitored
Factors for capacity
-Understanding
-Appreciation
-Reason
-Communication
Pharmacokinetics
How the drug enters and moves through the body
Absorption
How the drug goes from administration to the blood stream
Distribution
Transport of drugs from blood stream to the intended site
Metabolism (biotransformation)
The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble
compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
Elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body
Half-life
Time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated
Wash out
NGR 6538 Exam
, NGR 6538 Exam
Time you allow for one drug to run out and the next to get started to avoid dangerous
interactions. Typically 5 half-lives
Steady state
Drug absorption and drug clearance reach an equilibrium. Typically 5 half-lives.
Four ways drugs work
-Interacting with cell receptor sites
-Interacting with transporters
-Interacting with enzymes
-Altering Ion Channels
CYP450
Enzyme family most important in metabolizing drugs
Always available in the liver
Evolved to eliminate toxic chemicals from plants
Function can be altered by alcohol & barbiturates
Phase 1 metabolism
Includes CYTOCHROME P450. Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis.
CYP450 enzymes relevant to mental health
3A4 - responsible for half of all drugs
2D6 - responsible for 1/4 of drugs
2C9 - 1/5 of drugs
2C19 - Minor role for metabolism of some antidepressants
1A2 Minor role but induced by cigarettes
What is a CYP substrate?
A substrate is a drug metabolized by the specific CYP450 enzyme
CYP inducers
Inducers increase activity at that enzyme, metabolizing drugs faster
NGR 6538 Exam
NGR 6538 Final – Review Questions and
Answers Graded A 2025
Information needed to obtain informed consent
-Risks/benefits
-Alternatives including what would happen without the medication
-Expected side effects and adverse effects
-Expected time on medication
-How the medication will be monitored
Factors for capacity
-Understanding
-Appreciation
-Reason
-Communication
Pharmacokinetics
How the drug enters and moves through the body
Absorption
How the drug goes from administration to the blood stream
Distribution
Transport of drugs from blood stream to the intended site
Metabolism (biotransformation)
The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble
compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
Elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body
Half-life
Time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated
Wash out
NGR 6538 Exam
, NGR 6538 Exam
Time you allow for one drug to run out and the next to get started to avoid dangerous
interactions. Typically 5 half-lives
Steady state
Drug absorption and drug clearance reach an equilibrium. Typically 5 half-lives.
Four ways drugs work
-Interacting with cell receptor sites
-Interacting with transporters
-Interacting with enzymes
-Altering Ion Channels
CYP450
Enzyme family most important in metabolizing drugs
Always available in the liver
Evolved to eliminate toxic chemicals from plants
Function can be altered by alcohol & barbiturates
Phase 1 metabolism
Includes CYTOCHROME P450. Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis.
CYP450 enzymes relevant to mental health
3A4 - responsible for half of all drugs
2D6 - responsible for 1/4 of drugs
2C9 - 1/5 of drugs
2C19 - Minor role for metabolism of some antidepressants
1A2 Minor role but induced by cigarettes
What is a CYP substrate?
A substrate is a drug metabolized by the specific CYP450 enzyme
CYP inducers
Inducers increase activity at that enzyme, metabolizing drugs faster
NGR 6538 Exam
