PSYC290 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS |/ |/ |/ |/
WITH ANSWERS
|/ |/
Theme 1 Psychology is empirical. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔It is important to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
understand the need to acquire knowledge through systematic observation rather
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
than through intuition, common sense, or speculation. Understanding this
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concept will allow you to recognize the problems some psychologists have with
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
such topics as extrasensory perception (ESP) or with psychoanalytic
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
suppositions.
|/
Theme 2 Psychology is theoretically diverse - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔. This is
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
an important concept because many students of psychology expect "black and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
white" solutions to their questions about psychology. The fact is that, in many
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
areas, one of several theoretical explanations can be correct.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 3 Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Unless you accept this concept, it is all too easy to ridicule or disparage
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
previous discoveries. For example, students often mock behaviourism in favour
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
of cognitive psychology because a strict behaviouristic interpretation of the world
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
"simply cannot be right." Without understanding the context of behaviourism and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
its once dominant position in psychology, it is far too easy to be deprecating.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Simply stated, no single theory can easily explain everything that is known about
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour.
|/
Theme 4 Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔It is common for introductory students to believe that there is a cause for a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour, rather than accepting that complex behaviours are more typically a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
, function of multiple causation. The last 30 years have seen an increasing
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tendency for psychologists to accept this truism and to investigate several
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
factors that might affect behaviour within the design of a single experiment.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 5 Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Although a common definition of psychology is "the science that studies
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour," a more accurate perception is that, until recently, it has been largely
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
the science of Caucasian male behaviour. Much of the early experimental
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychological research was based on the findings derived from a restricted
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
population: undergraduate students who were usually male.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 6Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔While this statement may seem obvious, there was, in previous
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
years, a tendency to believe that behaviour could be either 100% genetic or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
100% environmental. For example, it used to be asked whether instinct could be
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
described as completely genetic. Now it is recognized that all behaviours are a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
function of both environmental and genetic factors.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 7 People's experience of the world is highly subjective - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔. Students of psychology often believe that their own
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
interpretation of the world is the correct one and that everyone else either does
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
or should interpret the world in this way. Only when one appreciates the need to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
overcome subjectivity can one really understand the research approaches
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
highlighted in Chapter 2 of the text that are referred to throughout the course.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
• applied psychology (p. 15) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The branch of psychology
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
disorders.
|/
,behaviour (p. 7) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to any overt observable
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
response or activity by an organism
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviourism (p. 7) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A theoretical orientation based on
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
clinical psychology (p. 15) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔):The branch of psychology
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
disorders
|/
cognition (p. 16) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to the mental processes
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
involved in acquiring knowledge counselling psychology (p. 27): Overlaps with
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
clinical psychology in that specialists in both area engage in similar activities
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
interviewing, testing, and providing therapy however, counselling psychologists
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
usually work with a somewhat different clientele, providing assistance to people
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity. Thus, they often
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
specialize in family, marital or career conselling
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
critical thinking (p. 38) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Is the use of cognitive skills
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
culture (p. 29) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to the widely shared customs
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
beliefs, values ,norms, institution and other products of a community that are
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
transmitted socially across generations
|/ |/ |/ |/
, developmental psychologist (p. 26) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Looks at human |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
development across the life span. Developmental psychology one focused
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
primarly on child development but today devotes a great deal of research to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
adolescent, adulthood and old age.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
empiricism (p. 28) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The premise that knowledge
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
should be acquired through observation
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ethnocentrism (p. 18) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The tendency to view one s |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
foreign ways,
|/ |/
evolutionary psychology (p. 20) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Examines behavioural
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
processes in terms of their adaptive values for members of species over the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
course of many generations
|/ |/ |/ |/
experimental psychologist (p. 26) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Encompasses the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavely in its half century
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
as a science sensation perception learning conditioning, motivation and emotion.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
The name experimental psychology is somewhat misleading as this is not the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
only area in which experiments are done psychologists working in all the area
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
listed here conduct experiments.
|/ |/ |/ |/
functionalism (p. 6) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Was based on the belief that |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
than its structure.
|/ |/ |/
WITH ANSWERS
|/ |/
Theme 1 Psychology is empirical. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔It is important to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
understand the need to acquire knowledge through systematic observation rather
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
than through intuition, common sense, or speculation. Understanding this
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concept will allow you to recognize the problems some psychologists have with
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
such topics as extrasensory perception (ESP) or with psychoanalytic
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
suppositions.
|/
Theme 2 Psychology is theoretically diverse - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔. This is
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
an important concept because many students of psychology expect "black and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
white" solutions to their questions about psychology. The fact is that, in many
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
areas, one of several theoretical explanations can be correct.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 3 Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Unless you accept this concept, it is all too easy to ridicule or disparage
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
previous discoveries. For example, students often mock behaviourism in favour
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
of cognitive psychology because a strict behaviouristic interpretation of the world
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
"simply cannot be right." Without understanding the context of behaviourism and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
its once dominant position in psychology, it is far too easy to be deprecating.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Simply stated, no single theory can easily explain everything that is known about
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour.
|/
Theme 4 Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔It is common for introductory students to believe that there is a cause for a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour, rather than accepting that complex behaviours are more typically a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
, function of multiple causation. The last 30 years have seen an increasing
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tendency for psychologists to accept this truism and to investigate several
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
factors that might affect behaviour within the design of a single experiment.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 5 Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Although a common definition of psychology is "the science that studies
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviour," a more accurate perception is that, until recently, it has been largely
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
the science of Caucasian male behaviour. Much of the early experimental
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychological research was based on the findings derived from a restricted
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
population: undergraduate students who were usually male.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 6Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔While this statement may seem obvious, there was, in previous
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
years, a tendency to believe that behaviour could be either 100% genetic or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
100% environmental. For example, it used to be asked whether instinct could be
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
described as completely genetic. Now it is recognized that all behaviours are a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
function of both environmental and genetic factors.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Theme 7 People's experience of the world is highly subjective - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔. Students of psychology often believe that their own
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
interpretation of the world is the correct one and that everyone else either does
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
or should interpret the world in this way. Only when one appreciates the need to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
overcome subjectivity can one really understand the research approaches
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
highlighted in Chapter 2 of the text that are referred to throughout the course.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
• applied psychology (p. 15) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The branch of psychology
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
disorders.
|/
,behaviour (p. 7) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to any overt observable
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
response or activity by an organism
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
behaviourism (p. 7) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A theoretical orientation based on
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
clinical psychology (p. 15) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔):The branch of psychology
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
disorders
|/
cognition (p. 16) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to the mental processes
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
involved in acquiring knowledge counselling psychology (p. 27): Overlaps with
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
clinical psychology in that specialists in both area engage in similar activities
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
interviewing, testing, and providing therapy however, counselling psychologists
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
usually work with a somewhat different clientele, providing assistance to people
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity. Thus, they often
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
specialize in family, marital or career conselling
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
critical thinking (p. 38) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Is the use of cognitive skills
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
culture (p. 29) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Refers to the widely shared customs
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
beliefs, values ,norms, institution and other products of a community that are
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
transmitted socially across generations
|/ |/ |/ |/
, developmental psychologist (p. 26) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Looks at human |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
development across the life span. Developmental psychology one focused
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
primarly on child development but today devotes a great deal of research to
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
adolescent, adulthood and old age.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
empiricism (p. 28) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The premise that knowledge
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
should be acquired through observation
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ethnocentrism (p. 18) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The tendency to view one s |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
foreign ways,
|/ |/
evolutionary psychology (p. 20) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Examines behavioural
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
processes in terms of their adaptive values for members of species over the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
course of many generations
|/ |/ |/ |/
experimental psychologist (p. 26) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Encompasses the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavely in its half century
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
as a science sensation perception learning conditioning, motivation and emotion.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
The name experimental psychology is somewhat misleading as this is not the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
only area in which experiments are done psychologists working in all the area
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
listed here conduct experiments.
|/ |/ |/ |/
functionalism (p. 6) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Was based on the belief that |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
than its structure.
|/ |/ |/
