Biology 1110 Exam 2 Study Questions with
correct answers
What |is |kinetic |energy? |- |✔✔energy |of |relative |motion
What |is |potential |energy? |- |✔✔energy |an |object |possesses |due |to |location |or |spatial |arrangement |
(stored |energy)
What |is |an |example |of |potential |energy? |- |✔✔Chemical |energy
What |is |the |1st |law |of |conservation? |- |✔✔energy |cannot |be |created |or |destroyed, |but |it |can |only |be |
changed |from |one |form |to |another
What |is |the |2nd |law |of |conservation? |- |✔✔energy |cannot |be |changed |from |one |form |to |another |
wihtout |a |loss |of |usable |energy
What |three |things |do |we |use |ATP |for? |- |✔✔Mechanical |work |(movement), |chemical |work |(reactions |
such |as |the |synthesis |of |polymers, |and |transport |work |(pumping |substances |across |membranes
Where |are |the |high |energy |bonds |in |ATP? |- |✔✔between |the |3 |phosphates
Once |ATP |is |used, |what |are |we |left |with? |- |✔✔ADP
How |do |we |get |back |to |ATP? |- |✔✔ATP |goes |in, |releases |energy, |ADP |exits |and |will |travel |to |the |
mitochondria |where |cellular |respiration |occurs |and |ATP |is |converted |back
What |does |the |term |coupled |reaction |mean? |- |✔✔Energy |required |by |1 |process |is |supplied |by |
another |process
How |do |enzymes |work? |- |✔✔they |are |specific |to |their |substrate, |when |they |bind |to |their |substrate |
they |make |it |unstable, |once |unstable |they |rearrange |chemical |bonds
How |are |enzymes |inhibited? |- |✔✔decrease |substrate, |feedback |inhibition, |competitive |inhibition |
(blocks |the |action |site), |and |non-competitive |inhibition |(changes |the |shape |of |the |active |site |so |the |
substrate |cant |bind)
What |function |do |phospholipids |supply? |- |✔✔main |component |of |the |membrane, |similar |in |structure
|to |fats
What |function |does |cholesterol |supply? |- |✔✔wedged |between |phosopholipids, |stabilizes |position |of |
phospholipids, |and |maintain |optimum |fluidity |at |different |temperatures
What |is |the |function |of |protein? |- |✔✔transport, |enzymatic |activity, |signal |transduction, |cell-cell |
recognition, |intercellular |joining |and |attachment |of |the |cytoskeleton |to |the |ECM
, What |are |the |plasma |membrane |malfunctions |and |applications? |- |✔✔organisms |may |acquire |changes
|to |the |structure |of |their |cell |membrane |via |evolutionary |adaptation, |changes |in |structure |results |in |
change |in |properties
What |does |selectively |permeable |mean? |- |✔✔it |allows |some |substances |to |cross |more |easily |than |
others, |small |molecules |and |ions |can |freely |cross |the |membrane |in |both |directions, |larger |molecules |
or |hydrophilic |molecules |cannot |pass |freely
What |is |diffusion? |- |✔✔molecules |move |along |a |concentration |gradient |in |order |to |reach |equilibrium
|(high |to |low)
What |is |facilitated |diffusion? |- |✔✔the |diffusion |of |molecules |across |the |membrane |with |help |of |
transport |proteins |(channel |or |carrier |proteins)
What |is |osmosis? |- |✔✔the |movement |of |water |molecules |across |a |selectively |permeable |membrane
When |does |osmosis |take |place? |- |✔✔takes |place |when |the |solute |molecules |are |to |large |to |pass |
through |the |membrane
What |is |a |hypertonic |solution? |- |✔✔this |solution |has |more |solute |relative |to |what |is |is |being |
compared |to. |This |means |it |has |LESS |water |relateive |to |what |it |is |being |compared |to
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |a |hypertonic |solution? |- |✔✔The |cell |will |lose |water |or |
crenate
What |is |a |hypotonic |solution? |- |✔✔this |solution |has |less |solute |relative |to |what |it |is |being |compared |
to. |This |means |it |has |MORE |water |relative |to |what |it |is |being |compared |to.
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |a |hypotonic |solution? |- |✔✔The |cell |will |gain |water |and
|could |lyse
What |is |an |isotonic |solution? |- |✔✔the |concentration |of |solute |and |water |on |each |side |of |the |
membrane |is |equal
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |an |isotonic |solution? |- |✔✔Nothing
What |is |active |transport? |- |✔✔movement |of |a |solute |against |the |concentration |gradient
When |is |active |transport |performed? |- |✔✔Performed |when |cells |need |to |maintain |a |higher |
concentration |as |compared |to |the |outside |solution. |an |example |would |be |the |iodine |in |thyroid |cells, |
solutes |and |urine |formation
What |does |active |transport |require? |- |✔✔requires |transport |proteins |and |the |expenditure |of |energy
What |is |primary |active |transport? |- |✔✔uses |energy |in |the |form |of |ATP |to |transport |molecules |across |
a |membrane |against |their |concentration |gradient
What |is |secondary |active |transport? |- |✔✔one |of |the |two |substances |is |transported |in |the |direction |
of |its |concentration |gradients, |using |the |energy |derived |from |the |transport |of |such |substance |down |
its |concentration |gradient
correct answers
What |is |kinetic |energy? |- |✔✔energy |of |relative |motion
What |is |potential |energy? |- |✔✔energy |an |object |possesses |due |to |location |or |spatial |arrangement |
(stored |energy)
What |is |an |example |of |potential |energy? |- |✔✔Chemical |energy
What |is |the |1st |law |of |conservation? |- |✔✔energy |cannot |be |created |or |destroyed, |but |it |can |only |be |
changed |from |one |form |to |another
What |is |the |2nd |law |of |conservation? |- |✔✔energy |cannot |be |changed |from |one |form |to |another |
wihtout |a |loss |of |usable |energy
What |three |things |do |we |use |ATP |for? |- |✔✔Mechanical |work |(movement), |chemical |work |(reactions |
such |as |the |synthesis |of |polymers, |and |transport |work |(pumping |substances |across |membranes
Where |are |the |high |energy |bonds |in |ATP? |- |✔✔between |the |3 |phosphates
Once |ATP |is |used, |what |are |we |left |with? |- |✔✔ADP
How |do |we |get |back |to |ATP? |- |✔✔ATP |goes |in, |releases |energy, |ADP |exits |and |will |travel |to |the |
mitochondria |where |cellular |respiration |occurs |and |ATP |is |converted |back
What |does |the |term |coupled |reaction |mean? |- |✔✔Energy |required |by |1 |process |is |supplied |by |
another |process
How |do |enzymes |work? |- |✔✔they |are |specific |to |their |substrate, |when |they |bind |to |their |substrate |
they |make |it |unstable, |once |unstable |they |rearrange |chemical |bonds
How |are |enzymes |inhibited? |- |✔✔decrease |substrate, |feedback |inhibition, |competitive |inhibition |
(blocks |the |action |site), |and |non-competitive |inhibition |(changes |the |shape |of |the |active |site |so |the |
substrate |cant |bind)
What |function |do |phospholipids |supply? |- |✔✔main |component |of |the |membrane, |similar |in |structure
|to |fats
What |function |does |cholesterol |supply? |- |✔✔wedged |between |phosopholipids, |stabilizes |position |of |
phospholipids, |and |maintain |optimum |fluidity |at |different |temperatures
What |is |the |function |of |protein? |- |✔✔transport, |enzymatic |activity, |signal |transduction, |cell-cell |
recognition, |intercellular |joining |and |attachment |of |the |cytoskeleton |to |the |ECM
, What |are |the |plasma |membrane |malfunctions |and |applications? |- |✔✔organisms |may |acquire |changes
|to |the |structure |of |their |cell |membrane |via |evolutionary |adaptation, |changes |in |structure |results |in |
change |in |properties
What |does |selectively |permeable |mean? |- |✔✔it |allows |some |substances |to |cross |more |easily |than |
others, |small |molecules |and |ions |can |freely |cross |the |membrane |in |both |directions, |larger |molecules |
or |hydrophilic |molecules |cannot |pass |freely
What |is |diffusion? |- |✔✔molecules |move |along |a |concentration |gradient |in |order |to |reach |equilibrium
|(high |to |low)
What |is |facilitated |diffusion? |- |✔✔the |diffusion |of |molecules |across |the |membrane |with |help |of |
transport |proteins |(channel |or |carrier |proteins)
What |is |osmosis? |- |✔✔the |movement |of |water |molecules |across |a |selectively |permeable |membrane
When |does |osmosis |take |place? |- |✔✔takes |place |when |the |solute |molecules |are |to |large |to |pass |
through |the |membrane
What |is |a |hypertonic |solution? |- |✔✔this |solution |has |more |solute |relative |to |what |is |is |being |
compared |to. |This |means |it |has |LESS |water |relateive |to |what |it |is |being |compared |to
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |a |hypertonic |solution? |- |✔✔The |cell |will |lose |water |or |
crenate
What |is |a |hypotonic |solution? |- |✔✔this |solution |has |less |solute |relative |to |what |it |is |being |compared |
to. |This |means |it |has |MORE |water |relative |to |what |it |is |being |compared |to.
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |a |hypotonic |solution? |- |✔✔The |cell |will |gain |water |and
|could |lyse
What |is |an |isotonic |solution? |- |✔✔the |concentration |of |solute |and |water |on |each |side |of |the |
membrane |is |equal
What |happens |to |the |cell |when |it |is |placed |in |an |isotonic |solution? |- |✔✔Nothing
What |is |active |transport? |- |✔✔movement |of |a |solute |against |the |concentration |gradient
When |is |active |transport |performed? |- |✔✔Performed |when |cells |need |to |maintain |a |higher |
concentration |as |compared |to |the |outside |solution. |an |example |would |be |the |iodine |in |thyroid |cells, |
solutes |and |urine |formation
What |does |active |transport |require? |- |✔✔requires |transport |proteins |and |the |expenditure |of |energy
What |is |primary |active |transport? |- |✔✔uses |energy |in |the |form |of |ATP |to |transport |molecules |across |
a |membrane |against |their |concentration |gradient
What |is |secondary |active |transport? |- |✔✔one |of |the |two |substances |is |transported |in |the |direction |
of |its |concentration |gradients, |using |the |energy |derived |from |the |transport |of |such |substance |down |
its |concentration |gradient
