Nursing 212 Final Exam , | Questions With Correct
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Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) - ANSWER -Pressure needed to maintain adequate blood flow
to the brain
-CPP=MAP-ICP
-Normal CPP 70-100mmHg
-CPP <50mmHG is associated with ischemia and neuronal death (TIA or Stroke)
-As CPP decreases, autoregulation will fail and cerebral blood flow will decrease
-MAP brings blood into the brain
-ICP draws blood out of the brain
Auto Regulation - ANSWER the brain's ability to regulate its own blood flow in response to
metabolic needs, despite systemic blood flow
Skull Components - ANSWER -10% CSF
-12% Intravascular Blood
-78% Brain Tissue
Acute Head Injury - ANSWER -Head trauma leading to increased ICP, ICP leading to a TIA, TIA
leading to stroke
-Classifications: open/closed, mild/moderate/severe (Depending on GCS and length of time
unconscious)
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANSWER -Normal= 15
-Decrease in GCS = decrease in LOC
,Closed Head Injuries - ANSWER -Coup
-Contrecoup
-Concussion
-Contusion
-Diffuse Axonal Injury (Rotational Injury)
-Intracranial Hemorrhage
Coup - ANSWER -Blunt object strikes the head
-Acceleration injury
-The actual impact/trauma to the outer skull
Contrecoup - ANSWER -Head strikes an immovable object
-Deceleration Injury
-Injury to the brain due to coup injury
-Brian injury occurs at the opposite side of impact
Concussion - ANSWER -Mild TBI
-Blunt head trauma resulting in a change in neurological function, but no identifiable brain
damage
-Typically lasts 72 hours
-Cerebral damage is at a microscopic level
-Damage is undetected by radiography
-Transient unconsciousness <20 mins
,Signs/Symptoms of Concussion - ANSWER Transient unconsciousness, memory difficulties,
amnesia, dazed/confused, headache, vertigo, vomiting, bothered by light, sleep disturbances,
slurred speech
Post-Concussion Syndrome - ANSWER -Includes persistence of cognitive and physical
manifestations for an unknown period of time
-Can occur 3+ months after injury
-Usually occurs with multiple concussions
Contusion - ANSWER -Occurs when the brain is bruised
-May have a period of unconsciousness associated with stupor and or confusion
-Bruising of cerebral soft tissue
-Macroscopic tissue/vessel damage seen on CT/MRI
-Associated with longer periods of unconsciousness and has a more guarded prognosis
-Occurs often from older adults falling with accompanying blood thinner use
Diffuse Axonal Injury (Rotational Injury) - ANSWER -Rapid spinning of the head and contents
that causes tears of the axons
-Widespread injury to the brain that results in a coma (for 6-24hrs).
-Seen with severe head trauma
-Abnormal posture, increased ICP
Intracranial Hemorrhage - ANSWER -Can occur in epidural, subdural, or intracerebral space
-It is a collection of blood in brain spaces that follows head trauma
Manifestations of Head Trauma - ANSWER Amnesia, loss of consciousness, CSF leakage from the
nose or ears, manifestations of increased ICP
, Decorticate Posturing - ANSWER -flexed wrists, elbows and feet
-Adducted arms
-Internally rotated hips
Decerebrate Posturing - ANSWER -Flexed wrists and feet
-Extended, pronated and adducted arms
Manifestations of Increased ICP - ANSWER Severe headache, N/V, deteriorating LOC,
restlessness, irritability, dilated pupils, non-reactive pupils, cranial nerve dysfunction, Cheyne-
Stokes respirations, decorticate/decerebrate/flaccid posturing, seizures, Crushing's Triad
Crushing's Triad - ANSWER -Late finding of increased ICP
-Severe HTN with a widening pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic), and bradycardia
-Increased SBP, Decreased DBP, Bradycardia
Monitoring ICP - ANSWER -Monitored by placing a screw/catheter/sensor through a burr hole
into the ventricle/subarachnoid/epidural/subdural space within the brain
-Indications: GCS<8, or those with abnormal CT/MRI
Intracranial Pressure (ICP) - ANSWER -The pressure within the cranial vault.
-Normal= 10-15
-With ICP of >30mmHG, the brain will fail
Reasons for Increased ICP - ANSWER -a rise in arterial/venous pressures
-increase in body temp
-hypercarbia leading to cerebral vasodilation
Verified Answers | 100% Verified ANSWERS | A+ graded
| Success Guaranteed![ 2024/2025]
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) - ANSWER -Pressure needed to maintain adequate blood flow
to the brain
-CPP=MAP-ICP
-Normal CPP 70-100mmHg
-CPP <50mmHG is associated with ischemia and neuronal death (TIA or Stroke)
-As CPP decreases, autoregulation will fail and cerebral blood flow will decrease
-MAP brings blood into the brain
-ICP draws blood out of the brain
Auto Regulation - ANSWER the brain's ability to regulate its own blood flow in response to
metabolic needs, despite systemic blood flow
Skull Components - ANSWER -10% CSF
-12% Intravascular Blood
-78% Brain Tissue
Acute Head Injury - ANSWER -Head trauma leading to increased ICP, ICP leading to a TIA, TIA
leading to stroke
-Classifications: open/closed, mild/moderate/severe (Depending on GCS and length of time
unconscious)
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANSWER -Normal= 15
-Decrease in GCS = decrease in LOC
,Closed Head Injuries - ANSWER -Coup
-Contrecoup
-Concussion
-Contusion
-Diffuse Axonal Injury (Rotational Injury)
-Intracranial Hemorrhage
Coup - ANSWER -Blunt object strikes the head
-Acceleration injury
-The actual impact/trauma to the outer skull
Contrecoup - ANSWER -Head strikes an immovable object
-Deceleration Injury
-Injury to the brain due to coup injury
-Brian injury occurs at the opposite side of impact
Concussion - ANSWER -Mild TBI
-Blunt head trauma resulting in a change in neurological function, but no identifiable brain
damage
-Typically lasts 72 hours
-Cerebral damage is at a microscopic level
-Damage is undetected by radiography
-Transient unconsciousness <20 mins
,Signs/Symptoms of Concussion - ANSWER Transient unconsciousness, memory difficulties,
amnesia, dazed/confused, headache, vertigo, vomiting, bothered by light, sleep disturbances,
slurred speech
Post-Concussion Syndrome - ANSWER -Includes persistence of cognitive and physical
manifestations for an unknown period of time
-Can occur 3+ months after injury
-Usually occurs with multiple concussions
Contusion - ANSWER -Occurs when the brain is bruised
-May have a period of unconsciousness associated with stupor and or confusion
-Bruising of cerebral soft tissue
-Macroscopic tissue/vessel damage seen on CT/MRI
-Associated with longer periods of unconsciousness and has a more guarded prognosis
-Occurs often from older adults falling with accompanying blood thinner use
Diffuse Axonal Injury (Rotational Injury) - ANSWER -Rapid spinning of the head and contents
that causes tears of the axons
-Widespread injury to the brain that results in a coma (for 6-24hrs).
-Seen with severe head trauma
-Abnormal posture, increased ICP
Intracranial Hemorrhage - ANSWER -Can occur in epidural, subdural, or intracerebral space
-It is a collection of blood in brain spaces that follows head trauma
Manifestations of Head Trauma - ANSWER Amnesia, loss of consciousness, CSF leakage from the
nose or ears, manifestations of increased ICP
, Decorticate Posturing - ANSWER -flexed wrists, elbows and feet
-Adducted arms
-Internally rotated hips
Decerebrate Posturing - ANSWER -Flexed wrists and feet
-Extended, pronated and adducted arms
Manifestations of Increased ICP - ANSWER Severe headache, N/V, deteriorating LOC,
restlessness, irritability, dilated pupils, non-reactive pupils, cranial nerve dysfunction, Cheyne-
Stokes respirations, decorticate/decerebrate/flaccid posturing, seizures, Crushing's Triad
Crushing's Triad - ANSWER -Late finding of increased ICP
-Severe HTN with a widening pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic), and bradycardia
-Increased SBP, Decreased DBP, Bradycardia
Monitoring ICP - ANSWER -Monitored by placing a screw/catheter/sensor through a burr hole
into the ventricle/subarachnoid/epidural/subdural space within the brain
-Indications: GCS<8, or those with abnormal CT/MRI
Intracranial Pressure (ICP) - ANSWER -The pressure within the cranial vault.
-Normal= 10-15
-With ICP of >30mmHG, the brain will fail
Reasons for Increased ICP - ANSWER -a rise in arterial/venous pressures
-increase in body temp
-hypercarbia leading to cerebral vasodilation
