NURS3730 Test 1
Define chronic/persistent illness: ANS: Health conditions that persist over extended periods, rarely
cured, usually non-infectious, results in permanent impairments/deviations from "normal", requires
long-term management
Risk factors for chronic illness: ANS: Non-modifiable (age, sex, genetics)
Modifiable (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle)
Cultural/environmental conditions
Incidence/prevalence of persistent health problems in Canada ANS: Health care system built around
acute/episodic model of care (higher readmission rates, underdiagnosis, inconsistent monitoring,
insufficient health education)
Illness Trajectory Model of Chronic Illness ANS: 1. Pretrajectory - being at risk
2. Trajectory onset - appearance of symptoms
3. Stable - symptoms are being managed
4. Unstable - exacerbation of symptoms
5. Acute - sudden inset of severe symptoms/complications
6. Crisis - a life-threatening situation
7. Comeback - after recovery from acute phase
8. Downward - worsening despite management
9. Dying - final days/weeks; body systems shutting down
Shifting Perspective Model of Chronic Illness ANS: Illness in foreground vs wellness in foreground
(perspectives shift depending on circumstances)
Expanded Chronic Care Model ANS: Focuses on prevention, health promotion, and role of SDOH
, Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model ANS: Precontemplation (not considering change),
contemplation (thinks about change, identifies barriers), preparation (starts planning change), action
(begins to change behavior through practice), maintenance (practices behavior regularly), termination
(change has become part of lifestyle).
Often nonlinear, may experience relapse, small lapses are normal.
Types of stigma: ANS: Social, enacted (discrimination), felt (internalized perception)
Individual responses to stigma: ANS: Passing (as not having the illness), covering (to minimize
difference), disregard (no response/acknowledgement), resistance and rejection (challenges societal
perceptions/rules), isolation, stigma by association (family/friends)
Prejudice: ANS: belief/outward expression of opinion that is not based on reason/evidence
Stereotyping: ANS: automatically assuming that members of a group have certain characteristics
Labelling: ANS: defining a person using a condition
Response to stigma as a nurse ANS: Examine personal biases, beliefs, and behaviors. Empathy, respect,
dignity. Promotion of justice. Caring, collaboration
Factors creating social isolation in persistent illness: ANS: Functional limitations,
personality/psychosocial impairments, personal or material resources, lack of transportation,
environmental constraints
Nursing interventions: social isolation ANS: Encourage connection between previous existing social
networks, explain social connections (pets, support groups, church groups), help identify transportation
options, develop alternate communications, alternate living arrangements.
Define chronic/persistent illness: ANS: Health conditions that persist over extended periods, rarely
cured, usually non-infectious, results in permanent impairments/deviations from "normal", requires
long-term management
Risk factors for chronic illness: ANS: Non-modifiable (age, sex, genetics)
Modifiable (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle)
Cultural/environmental conditions
Incidence/prevalence of persistent health problems in Canada ANS: Health care system built around
acute/episodic model of care (higher readmission rates, underdiagnosis, inconsistent monitoring,
insufficient health education)
Illness Trajectory Model of Chronic Illness ANS: 1. Pretrajectory - being at risk
2. Trajectory onset - appearance of symptoms
3. Stable - symptoms are being managed
4. Unstable - exacerbation of symptoms
5. Acute - sudden inset of severe symptoms/complications
6. Crisis - a life-threatening situation
7. Comeback - after recovery from acute phase
8. Downward - worsening despite management
9. Dying - final days/weeks; body systems shutting down
Shifting Perspective Model of Chronic Illness ANS: Illness in foreground vs wellness in foreground
(perspectives shift depending on circumstances)
Expanded Chronic Care Model ANS: Focuses on prevention, health promotion, and role of SDOH
, Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model ANS: Precontemplation (not considering change),
contemplation (thinks about change, identifies barriers), preparation (starts planning change), action
(begins to change behavior through practice), maintenance (practices behavior regularly), termination
(change has become part of lifestyle).
Often nonlinear, may experience relapse, small lapses are normal.
Types of stigma: ANS: Social, enacted (discrimination), felt (internalized perception)
Individual responses to stigma: ANS: Passing (as not having the illness), covering (to minimize
difference), disregard (no response/acknowledgement), resistance and rejection (challenges societal
perceptions/rules), isolation, stigma by association (family/friends)
Prejudice: ANS: belief/outward expression of opinion that is not based on reason/evidence
Stereotyping: ANS: automatically assuming that members of a group have certain characteristics
Labelling: ANS: defining a person using a condition
Response to stigma as a nurse ANS: Examine personal biases, beliefs, and behaviors. Empathy, respect,
dignity. Promotion of justice. Caring, collaboration
Factors creating social isolation in persistent illness: ANS: Functional limitations,
personality/psychosocial impairments, personal or material resources, lack of transportation,
environmental constraints
Nursing interventions: social isolation ANS: Encourage connection between previous existing social
networks, explain social connections (pets, support groups, church groups), help identify transportation
options, develop alternate communications, alternate living arrangements.
