AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
1. Give an example of a Volcano, earthquake, tsunami
Tectonic Hazard
2. What is a natural haz- A natural hazard is something that poses potential risk of damage to
ard? property and loss of life
3. Define the following EPICENTRE - the point on the surface directly above the focus of an
terms: earthquake - the most damage often occur here
Epicentre FOCUS - this is the point underground where the earthquake starts - it is
Focus here where the greatest release of energy occurs. MAGNITUDE - strength
Magnitude of an earthquake, reflecting the amount of energy released.
4. Describe what hap- Oceanic and continental plate move towards each other due to convection
pens at a destructive currents. Denser oceanic crust is subducted forming an oceanic trench.
plate margin Heat from the mantle & friction between plates causes the ocean plate to
be destroyed As the plate melts, magma forms and due to the pressure
and the heat is forced to rise to the surface.
Magma erupts at the surface as lava, which forms a volcano. Fold moun-
tains (e.g. Andes) are created due to the impact of collision (earthquakes
may occur)
5. Give reasons why peo- 1. Can't move (lack of knowledge, language barrier, expense)
ple continue to live in 2. Don't want to go (e.g. optimistic it wont happen)
areas at risk from a 3. Worth staying - jobs, resources
tectonic hazard 4. Can't accurately predict hazards - location, magnitude, timing
6.
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
Give three differences • Oceanic crust is thinner
between oceanic and • Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust
continental crust • Oceanic crust is constantly renewed and destroyed (continental is per-
manent and cannot be destroyed)
• Oceanic crust is mainly basalt whereas continental is granite
7. What are the causes of Convection currents and slab pull and ridge push.
plate movements?
8. How can educating Increase awareness of what to do in the event of an earthquake (e.g.
people help to save through disaster drill days) helping to save lives
lives in a natural disas- • Educate people about the importance of being prepared - e.g. survival
ter such as an earth- kit - can help save lives in the event of a quake - e.g. food/water if trapped
quake? for several days and basic first aid supplies
9. Describe examples of • Foundations sunk into bedrock
what can be done to • Rubber shock absorbers between foundations and building (to absorb
help limit the dam- energy waves)
age caused by earth- • Computer controlled counter-weights on roof
quakes to buildings. • Automatic shut off switches for electricity and gas
• Interlocking steel frames (sway during earth movements)
• Transamerica Building (San Francisco) - triangular building wide stable
base and steel frame.
10. Give examples of how - Satellites (GPS) and tilt meters monitor ground deformation as magma
we can monitor and rises (changes in the volcano's surface)
predict volcanoes - Seismometers - measure small earthquakes / tremors (can occur as
rising magma can fracture rock)
- Thermal heat sensors - detect changes in the temperature of the volca-
noes surface
- Gas-trapping bottles and spectrometers - measuring sulphur gases
- Measuring water temperature of stream/rivers to see if it has increased
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
11. For the L'aquila earth- Date of the earthquake - 6th April 2009
quake, what was the.. Magnitude - 6.3
Date of the earth-
quake
Magnitude
12. Give 3 examples of • 308 killed
primary effects of the • 1,500 injured
L'aquila earthquake • Buildings collapsing
13. Give 4 examples of •Many businesses were destroyed or severely damaged, leading to eco-
secondary effects of nomic disruption.
the L'aquila earth- • The university buildings were damaged, affecting students and local
quake. businesses.
• People dying from curable diseases -roads were blocked as medicine
couldn't get to them
• Homelessness
14. Give 4 examples of •Italy's Civil Protection Department mobilised to assist with rescue oper-
short term responses ations.
to the L'aquila earth- • Temporary shelters were set up for those made homeless.
quake • International aid was provided by various countries and the European
Union.
• Medical tents and field hospitals were established to aid the injured.
15. Give 2 examples of • Reconstruction of the city centre and historical buildings started.
long term responses • Criminal investigations led to prosecution for those responsible for
to the L'aquila earth- buildings that collapsed due to inadequate construction.
quake. • The government pledged to improve building regulations to better
withstand future earthquakes.
• Programmes were initiated to provide mental health support for trau-
matised residents.
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
16. For the Nepal 2015 Date of the earthquake - 25th April
earthquake, what was Magnitude - 7.9
the.. Depth of Focus - 15km
Date of the earth- Boundary Type - Collision Boundary (Eurasian and Indian plates)
quake
Magnitude
Depth of Focus
Boundary Type
17. Give 4 examples of • 9,100 dead and over 16,800 injured
primary effects of the • 1 million made homeless
Nepal 2015 earth- • 50% of schools destroyed and 25 hospitals
quake • Reduced supply of water, food and electricity
• Historic buildings, including temples in Kathmandu destroyed - includ-
ing the UNESCO world heritage Dharahara Tower.
18. Give four examples of • Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people - the greatest loss of life
secondary effects of on a mountain in a single incident
the Nepal 2015 earth- • Tourist industry saw a decrease in employment and income (usually it
quake. makes up about 9% of Nepal's GDP)
• Food shortages due to rice seed being lost in homes ruined by the
rubble
• Relief efforts made difficult by landslides and avalanches blocking the
roads.
19. Give two examples of • Requested international help - search and rescue teams came from
short term respons- places like UK / China / India (including medical and water supplies)
es to the 2015 Nepal • Helicopters rescued many on Mount Everest
earthquake • Half a million tents required for the homeless (many provided by the Red
Cross)
• UN / WHO distributed medical supplies to reduce the spread of water-
borne disease
1. Give an example of a Volcano, earthquake, tsunami
Tectonic Hazard
2. What is a natural haz- A natural hazard is something that poses potential risk of damage to
ard? property and loss of life
3. Define the following EPICENTRE - the point on the surface directly above the focus of an
terms: earthquake - the most damage often occur here
Epicentre FOCUS - this is the point underground where the earthquake starts - it is
Focus here where the greatest release of energy occurs. MAGNITUDE - strength
Magnitude of an earthquake, reflecting the amount of energy released.
4. Describe what hap- Oceanic and continental plate move towards each other due to convection
pens at a destructive currents. Denser oceanic crust is subducted forming an oceanic trench.
plate margin Heat from the mantle & friction between plates causes the ocean plate to
be destroyed As the plate melts, magma forms and due to the pressure
and the heat is forced to rise to the surface.
Magma erupts at the surface as lava, which forms a volcano. Fold moun-
tains (e.g. Andes) are created due to the impact of collision (earthquakes
may occur)
5. Give reasons why peo- 1. Can't move (lack of knowledge, language barrier, expense)
ple continue to live in 2. Don't want to go (e.g. optimistic it wont happen)
areas at risk from a 3. Worth staying - jobs, resources
tectonic hazard 4. Can't accurately predict hazards - location, magnitude, timing
6.
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
Give three differences • Oceanic crust is thinner
between oceanic and • Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust
continental crust • Oceanic crust is constantly renewed and destroyed (continental is per-
manent and cannot be destroyed)
• Oceanic crust is mainly basalt whereas continental is granite
7. What are the causes of Convection currents and slab pull and ridge push.
plate movements?
8. How can educating Increase awareness of what to do in the event of an earthquake (e.g.
people help to save through disaster drill days) helping to save lives
lives in a natural disas- • Educate people about the importance of being prepared - e.g. survival
ter such as an earth- kit - can help save lives in the event of a quake - e.g. food/water if trapped
quake? for several days and basic first aid supplies
9. Describe examples of • Foundations sunk into bedrock
what can be done to • Rubber shock absorbers between foundations and building (to absorb
help limit the dam- energy waves)
age caused by earth- • Computer controlled counter-weights on roof
quakes to buildings. • Automatic shut off switches for electricity and gas
• Interlocking steel frames (sway during earth movements)
• Transamerica Building (San Francisco) - triangular building wide stable
base and steel frame.
10. Give examples of how - Satellites (GPS) and tilt meters monitor ground deformation as magma
we can monitor and rises (changes in the volcano's surface)
predict volcanoes - Seismometers - measure small earthquakes / tremors (can occur as
rising magma can fracture rock)
- Thermal heat sensors - detect changes in the temperature of the volca-
noes surface
- Gas-trapping bottles and spectrometers - measuring sulphur gases
- Measuring water temperature of stream/rivers to see if it has increased
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
11. For the L'aquila earth- Date of the earthquake - 6th April 2009
quake, what was the.. Magnitude - 6.3
Date of the earth-
quake
Magnitude
12. Give 3 examples of • 308 killed
primary effects of the • 1,500 injured
L'aquila earthquake • Buildings collapsing
13. Give 4 examples of •Many businesses were destroyed or severely damaged, leading to eco-
secondary effects of nomic disruption.
the L'aquila earth- • The university buildings were damaged, affecting students and local
quake. businesses.
• People dying from curable diseases -roads were blocked as medicine
couldn't get to them
• Homelessness
14. Give 4 examples of •Italy's Civil Protection Department mobilised to assist with rescue oper-
short term responses ations.
to the L'aquila earth- • Temporary shelters were set up for those made homeless.
quake • International aid was provided by various countries and the European
Union.
• Medical tents and field hospitals were established to aid the injured.
15. Give 2 examples of • Reconstruction of the city centre and historical buildings started.
long term responses • Criminal investigations led to prosecution for those responsible for
to the L'aquila earth- buildings that collapsed due to inadequate construction.
quake. • The government pledged to improve building regulations to better
withstand future earthquakes.
• Programmes were initiated to provide mental health support for trau-
matised residents.
, AQA GCSE Geography Paper 1
16. For the Nepal 2015 Date of the earthquake - 25th April
earthquake, what was Magnitude - 7.9
the.. Depth of Focus - 15km
Date of the earth- Boundary Type - Collision Boundary (Eurasian and Indian plates)
quake
Magnitude
Depth of Focus
Boundary Type
17. Give 4 examples of • 9,100 dead and over 16,800 injured
primary effects of the • 1 million made homeless
Nepal 2015 earth- • 50% of schools destroyed and 25 hospitals
quake • Reduced supply of water, food and electricity
• Historic buildings, including temples in Kathmandu destroyed - includ-
ing the UNESCO world heritage Dharahara Tower.
18. Give four examples of • Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people - the greatest loss of life
secondary effects of on a mountain in a single incident
the Nepal 2015 earth- • Tourist industry saw a decrease in employment and income (usually it
quake. makes up about 9% of Nepal's GDP)
• Food shortages due to rice seed being lost in homes ruined by the
rubble
• Relief efforts made difficult by landslides and avalanches blocking the
roads.
19. Give two examples of • Requested international help - search and rescue teams came from
short term respons- places like UK / China / India (including medical and water supplies)
es to the 2015 Nepal • Helicopters rescued many on Mount Everest
earthquake • Half a million tents required for the homeless (many provided by the Red
Cross)
• UN / WHO distributed medical supplies to reduce the spread of water-
borne disease
