Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences; (5122 ) ;
Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a
distinct person despite being a member of a family. - correct answer Children at first identify
entirely with the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after prolonged exposure to
other people outside the home that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and
perhaps modify his or her belief system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a
coherent personality without renouncing membership in a family with which he or she may
have some disagreement.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. - correct answer An
extended family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might include a
man and a woman, their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people
tend the same land for their entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the
extended family. This is in part because it is more difficult for a large group to move around
together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic societies, it is more common for people to
be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple and their children)
Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage. - correct
answer Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have
good self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong personal
identities. Solid marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy,
and habit. The idea of empathy is particularly important in marriage because it implies that
each partner may not fully understand the other. Nevertheless, a loving spouse with try to help
whenever possible.
Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job satisfaction. - correct
answer Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles, but
this is offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the other
hand, has a noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a
newborn, as well as the desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it
unpleasant to be away from home for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and
intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with job satisfaction.
Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after divorce. - correct
answer Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce
entirely. Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The best way
to complete the process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include
developing a balance between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for the
future, but people should be aware that it is impossible to predict what they will want once
they have fully processed the finality of the divorce.
,Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of age. - correct
answer In the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and
competition. As they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years, but
during adolescence will gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests
that adult relationships between siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of the
youth; that is, good relationships get better and bad relationships get worse.
Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women. - correct answer This is an
exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier, wealthier, and more
content than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs,
and less likely to become depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report
satisfaction with their home lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is that
they are more likely to be raising children, and therefore less focused on professional
development. Despite reports about the decline of marriage, an overwhelming majority of
Americans will marry at least once during their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls. - correct answer The bond between a
stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes the longest to form. One
possible reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to be less engaged with
stepdaughters than with stepsons. The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as
divorce because it involves a fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless,
stepparents who work to engage with their stepchildren can develop positive relationships over
time.
Both the content and the style of family communication are important. - correct answer The
members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made by families
tend to reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons
both genetic and environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same
sorts of problems in life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and consistency, families
inevitably change in response to the aging of each member and to pressures from the
environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of family science that it is impossible to understand a
family member without understanding the family as a whole.
According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse. - correct
answer When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other
person, tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests
that there is a classic pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship.
The pattern begins with criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at the other
person as a whole. In other words, the criticism of unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward
character assassination. Eventually, these negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one
partner openly disparages and disrespects the other. The inevitable response to contempt is
, defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of communication. When couples stop
communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.
The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found during early
adolescence. - correct answer The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five
years, though it typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by
puberty are monumental and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and
emotional maturity. Teachers need to be aware of these changes, particularly when working
with middle-school children. Family and consumer science teachers may need to act as liaisons
between parents and their children, as family relationships can become strained during early
adolescence.
When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion,
they are engaging in arbitration. - correct answer In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to
rely on the advice of a supposedly impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also
establish guidelines for the way a decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to
settle a dispute with arbitration, since children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against
their interest. Conciliation is a method of settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are
simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea that a resolution will naturally occur as a
result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties decide to enlist the aid of an
impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties in mediation do not
agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree on terms
that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like compromise. A restorative
justice system is where the person who has been wronged gets some kind of compensation
from the wrongdoer. When the parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are
essentially using restorative justice.
In general, when a mother works, her children have more self-esteem. - correct answer There is
no one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls might be inspired by
the positive example of a successful working mother. The daughters of working mothers tend to
be more independent, and they are likely to have a more egalitarian view of gender relations.
When the sons of working mothers are unsupervised, their performance in school tends to
decline. It is important for both parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment,
and it is especially important for husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived
positively by children.
During times of conflict, family members will take sides to consolidate power. - correct answer
Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too long or
create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of actions and
reactions is an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This approach to family therapy
emphasizes patterns of behavior that lock family members into their roles, therefore inhibiting
their personal growth. Behavioral family therapists assume that bad behavior persists when it is
Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a
distinct person despite being a member of a family. - correct answer Children at first identify
entirely with the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after prolonged exposure to
other people outside the home that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and
perhaps modify his or her belief system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a
coherent personality without renouncing membership in a family with which he or she may
have some disagreement.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. - correct answer An
extended family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might include a
man and a woman, their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people
tend the same land for their entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the
extended family. This is in part because it is more difficult for a large group to move around
together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic societies, it is more common for people to
be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple and their children)
Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage. - correct
answer Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have
good self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong personal
identities. Solid marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy,
and habit. The idea of empathy is particularly important in marriage because it implies that
each partner may not fully understand the other. Nevertheless, a loving spouse with try to help
whenever possible.
Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job satisfaction. - correct
answer Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles, but
this is offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the other
hand, has a noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a
newborn, as well as the desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it
unpleasant to be away from home for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and
intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with job satisfaction.
Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after divorce. - correct
answer Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce
entirely. Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The best way
to complete the process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include
developing a balance between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for the
future, but people should be aware that it is impossible to predict what they will want once
they have fully processed the finality of the divorce.
,Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of age. - correct
answer In the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and
competition. As they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years, but
during adolescence will gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests
that adult relationships between siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of the
youth; that is, good relationships get better and bad relationships get worse.
Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women. - correct answer This is an
exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier, wealthier, and more
content than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs,
and less likely to become depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report
satisfaction with their home lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is that
they are more likely to be raising children, and therefore less focused on professional
development. Despite reports about the decline of marriage, an overwhelming majority of
Americans will marry at least once during their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls. - correct answer The bond between a
stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes the longest to form. One
possible reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to be less engaged with
stepdaughters than with stepsons. The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as
divorce because it involves a fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless,
stepparents who work to engage with their stepchildren can develop positive relationships over
time.
Both the content and the style of family communication are important. - correct answer The
members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made by families
tend to reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons
both genetic and environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same
sorts of problems in life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and consistency, families
inevitably change in response to the aging of each member and to pressures from the
environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of family science that it is impossible to understand a
family member without understanding the family as a whole.
According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse. - correct
answer When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other
person, tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests
that there is a classic pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship.
The pattern begins with criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at the other
person as a whole. In other words, the criticism of unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward
character assassination. Eventually, these negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one
partner openly disparages and disrespects the other. The inevitable response to contempt is
, defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of communication. When couples stop
communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.
The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found during early
adolescence. - correct answer The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five
years, though it typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by
puberty are monumental and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and
emotional maturity. Teachers need to be aware of these changes, particularly when working
with middle-school children. Family and consumer science teachers may need to act as liaisons
between parents and their children, as family relationships can become strained during early
adolescence.
When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion,
they are engaging in arbitration. - correct answer In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to
rely on the advice of a supposedly impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also
establish guidelines for the way a decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to
settle a dispute with arbitration, since children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against
their interest. Conciliation is a method of settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are
simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea that a resolution will naturally occur as a
result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties decide to enlist the aid of an
impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties in mediation do not
agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree on terms
that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like compromise. A restorative
justice system is where the person who has been wronged gets some kind of compensation
from the wrongdoer. When the parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are
essentially using restorative justice.
In general, when a mother works, her children have more self-esteem. - correct answer There is
no one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls might be inspired by
the positive example of a successful working mother. The daughters of working mothers tend to
be more independent, and they are likely to have a more egalitarian view of gender relations.
When the sons of working mothers are unsupervised, their performance in school tends to
decline. It is important for both parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment,
and it is especially important for husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived
positively by children.
During times of conflict, family members will take sides to consolidate power. - correct answer
Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too long or
create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of actions and
reactions is an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This approach to family therapy
emphasizes patterns of behavior that lock family members into their roles, therefore inhibiting
their personal growth. Behavioral family therapists assume that bad behavior persists when it is
