ECPI BIO 111 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST VERSION>

ECPI BIO 111 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;LATEST VERSION&gt; 1. anatomy - ANSWER the study of the STRUCTURE of the human body and it's parts 2. physiology - ANSWER the study of the FUNCTIONS of the human body and it's parts 3. subatomic particles - ANSWER protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells 4. atom - ANSWER tiny particles that make up chemicals 5. molecule - ANSWER particles consisting of atoms joined together 6. macromolecule - ANSWER large particles consisting of molecules 7. organelle - ANSWER functional part of a cell 8. cell - ANSWER basic unit of structure and functions 9. tissue - ANSWER layer or mass of cells with specific function 10. organ - ANSWER group of different tissues with a function 11. organ system - ANSWER group of organs with common functions 12. organism - ANSWER composed of interacting organ systems 13. metabolism - ANSWER the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system 14. 5 requirements of life - ANSWER water, food, oxygen, heat and pressure 15. homeostasis - ANSWER Maintenace of a stable internal environment 16. 3 parts of homeostatic mechanisms - ANSWER receptor, control center, effector 17. negative feedback - ANSWER effectors return conditions toward normal range 18. positive feedback - ANSWER the change/deviation is intensified instead of reversed 19. axial portion of the body - ANSWER head, neck, trunk 20. appendicular portion of the body - ANSWER upper and lower limbs 21. cranial cavity - ANSWER houses brain 22. exchange reaction - ANSWER chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed 23. reversible reaction - ANSWER the products can change back to the reactants 24. electrolytes - ANSWER substances that release ions into water 25. acids - ANSWER release hydrogen ions in water 26. bases - ANSWER release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions 27. salts - ANSWER electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base 28. acidemia - ANSWER when blood pH drops to 7.0-7.3 29. alkalemia - ANSWER when blood pH rises to 7.5-7.8 30. buffers - ANSWER chemicals which act to resist pH changes 31. examples of organic molecules - ANSWER carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 32. examples of inorganic molecules - ANSWER water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts 33. amino acids - ANSWER building blocks of proteins 34. primary protein structure - ANSWER amino acid sequence 35. secondary protein structure - ANSWER pleated or twisted structure formed by hydrogen bonding 36. tertiary protein structure - ANSWER 3-dimensional folded shape 37. nucleotides - ANSWER building blocks of nucleic acids 38. nucleic acids - ANSWER carry genetic information to make proteins and dna 39. dna - ANSWER long term storage of genetic information and double chain of nucleotides 40. rna - ANSWER a single chain of nucleotides 41. dna is found in - ANSWER nucleus 42. rna is found in - ANSWER nucleus and ribosomes 43. cholesterol - ANSWER stabilizes membrane, helps keep it impermeable to water-soluble substances 44. carbohydrates function - ANSWER cell recognition and interaction 45. ribosomes - ANSWER composed of rRNA and protein; link amino acids in protein synthesis 46. endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER contains ribosomes; conducts protein synthesis 47. the "packaging and shipping center" of the cell - ANSWER golgi body 48. mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell; produces most of our ATP 49. lysosomes - ANSWER enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts 50. peroxisomes - ANSWER enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide 51. centrosomes - ANSWER composed of microtubules; produce spindle fibers during cell division 52. cilia - ANSWER propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg toward uterus 53. nucleolus - ANSWER site of ribosome production 54. chomatin - ANSWER contains DNA wound around proteins 55. osmosis - ANSWER movement of water from high water concentration to lower water concentration 56. isotonic solutions - ANSWER cells have no net gain or loss 57. hypertonic solutions - ANSWER cells lose water 58. hypotonic solutions - ANSWER cells gain water 59. endocytosis - ANSWER movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle 60. exocytosis - ANSWER release of substances/particles from cell 61. phases of mitosis - ANSWER PMAT 62. prophase - ANSWER first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus 63. metaphase - ANSWER Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 64. anaphase - ANSWER chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell 65. telophase - ANSWER After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. 66. metabolic reaction that requires ATP - ANSWER anabolism 67. metabolic reaction that releases ATP - ANSWER catabolism 68. enzymes - ANSWER speed up reaction rates for chemical reacations 69. active site - ANSWER part of the enzyme that the substrate "plugs in to" 70. metabolic pathways - ANSWER series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product 71. rate limiting enzyme - ANSWER a regulatory enzyme that catalyzes one step of pathway typically sets rate for entire reaction sequence 72. cofactor - ANSWER ions elements or small organic molecules; completes shape of enzyme so it can have its full function 73. coenzyme - ANSWER vitamins; completes shape of enzyme so it can have its full function 74. adrenal cortex hormones - ANSWER aldosterone, cortisol, androgens 75. adrenal medulla hormones - ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine 76. Pancreas hormones - ANSWER insulin and glucagon 77. anterior pituitary hormones - ANSWER Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) 78. posterior pituitary hormones - ANSWER antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin 79. pineal gland - ANSWER melatonin 80. joint classification - ANSWER fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial 81. joint classification by function - ANSWER Synarthrosis (immovable) Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Diarthrosis (freely movable) 82. Synarthrotic - ANSWER immovable joint 83. Amphiarthrotic - ANSWER slightly movable joints 84. Diarthrotic - ANSWER freely movable joint 85. ball and socket joint - ANSWER Multiaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation ex:Hip and Shoulder 86. hinge joint - ANSWER uniaxial, flexion and extension ex: elbow 87. saddle joint - ANSWER Biaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction ex: thumb joint 88. Gomphosis - ANSWER attachment of a tooth to its socket 89. pivot joint example - ANSWER ex:atlas and axis rotation 90. How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis? - ANSWER mitosis-2 meiosis-4 91. If you start with a diploid cell (2N), what ploidy will you end up with in mitosis and meiosis? - ANSWER mitosis-diploid meiosis-haploid 92. What is a function of mitosis and meiosis in the human body? - ANSWER mitosis: repair and growth, meiosis: reproduction 93. A fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster somatic cell contains 8 chromosomes. This means that_________ different combinations of chromosomes are possible in the fly's gametes. - ANSWER C.16 (2^4) 94. sister chromatids - ANSWER One of two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in an eukaryotic cell. 95. autosome - ANSWER A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual. 96. locus - ANSWER the site where a genes found on a chromosome 97. Microevolution - ANSWER the change in allele frequencies in a population 98. Micoevoltuion may result from... - ANSWER genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection 99. genetic drift - ANSWER by random fluctuations more likely in small populations 100. gene flow - ANSWER due to movement of individuals or gametes 101. natural selection - ANSWER due to higher fitness of individuals best adapted to the environment 102. A calculated chi-squared statistic for this data is 2.83, which is below the statistical threshold. Does this mean that the population is in Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium? - ANSWER yes 103. temporal isolation - ANSWER two species of pine trees in the organ mountains produce pollen in different months 104. mechanical isolation - ANSWER genitalia shape differences inhibit successful copulation 105. what will violations of different Hardy-Weinberg assumptions lead to? - ANSWER mechanisms of evolution: mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection 106. antibodies - ANSWER immune system cells that attack cells with foreign antigens 107. antigens - ANSWER chemicals, or sugars on the surface of some cells that act as signposts that tell the immune system whether the cell belongs in the body; antibodies recognize antigens 108. heterozygous - ANSWER a pair of different genes, where one is dominant and the other is recessive 109. 110. gene homozygous - ANSWER having two of the same allele recessive - ANSWER a gene that can be masked by a dominant 111. homozygous dominant - ANSWER two of the same dominant alleles 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - ANSWER p + q = 1 q2 - ANSWER the frequency of the recessive genotype (tt) q - ANSWER the frequency of the recessive allele (t) p2 - ANSWER the frequency of the dominant genotype (TT) p - ANSWER the frequency of the dominant allele (T) 2pq - ANSWER the frequency of heterozygous genotype (Tt) when calculating the values for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, why do the values not match up in the end? - ANSWER evolution is occurring! 119. 120. 121. 122. universal receiver - ANSWER AB universal donor - ANSWER O AB - ANSWER no antigens angulation - ANSWER clumping of the blood 123. hypothesis - ANSWER a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is tested by experimental investigation 124. ex.) Temperature DOES facilitate the spread of the wasting disease among sea stars 125. prediction - ANSWER -Has some mention of the dependent variable(s) collected -"IF [hypothesis] is true, THEN x should happen," OR -"IF [hypothesis] is true, THEN x should be the result of doing y" 126. evolution - ANSWER a process that results in heritable changes in a population speed over many generations (a change in allele frequencies) 127. fitness - ANSWER a measure of an organism by how many offspring they produce, allowing genes to pass down and evolve 128. phylogeny - ANSWER a characteristic tree of relatedness 129. what are the 5 mechanisms necessary for evolution to occur? - ANSWER mutations, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and sexual selection 130. mutations - ANSWER alterations in a single base or changes in large segments of DNA that include several genes or more -can be detrimental, beneficial, or neutral -most are neutral -essential to evolution -the result of every genetic feature in every organism -reduce an organism's fitness -a SLOW mechanism for evolution 131. migration - ANSWER a change in allele frequencies caused by individuals moving into or out of a population -ex) Lake Erie Water Snakes: caused there to be speckled snakes on the mainland -CAN BE RAPID