Fundamentals of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Data - ANS>>> raw facts
Information - ANS>>> collection of data organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts
themselves
Process - ANS>>> set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome
Knowledge - ANS>>> awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that
information can be made useful to support a task
True or False: If an organization's information is not accurate or complete, people can make poor
decisions, costing thousands, or even millions, of dollars - ANS>>> True
True or false: Accuracy and completeness are not critical for data used in accounting for the
management of company assets - ANS>>> False
True or False: An organization's technology infrastructure includes all the hardware, software,
databases, networks, people, and procedures - ANS>>> True
Sustaining innovation - ANS>>> results in enhancements to existing products, services, and ways of
operating
Disruptive innovation - ANS>>> one that initially provides a lower level of performance than the
marketplace has grown to accept
Reengineering - ANS>>> Involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures,
information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results
Continuous improvement - ANS>>> Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes and add
value to products and services
, Change management - ANS>>> soft side of implementing change; involves work designed to help
employees embrace a new information system and way of working
Lewin's change model - ANS>>> 1. Unfreezing: preparing for a change
2. Moving: making the change
3. Refreezing: institutionalizing
Lewin's force field analysis - ANS>>> Identifies both the driving (positive) and restraining (negative)
forces that influences whether change can occur
Leavitt's Diamond - ANS>>> A theory that proposes that every organizational system is made up of four
main components, people, tasks, structure, and technology, with an interaction among the four
components
True or False: Any change in one of the four elements of Leavitt's diamond will not necessitate a change
in the other three elements - ANS>>> False
Ransomware - ANS>>> Malware that stops you from using your computer or accessing your data until
you meet certain demands such as paying a ransom or sending photos to the attacker
Viruses - ANS>>> A piece of programming code that causes a computer to behave in an unexpected and
undesirable manner
Trojan Horses - ANS>>> A seemingly harmless program in which malicious code is hidden
Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks - ANS>>> An attack in which a malicious hacker takes over
computers via the internet and causes them to flood a target site with demands for data and other small
tasks
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) - ANS>>> A network attack in which an intruder gains access to a
network and stays undetected with the intention of stealing data over a long period of time
Phishing - ANS>>> The act of fraudulently using email to try to get the recipient to reveal personal data
Data - ANS>>> raw facts
Information - ANS>>> collection of data organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts
themselves
Process - ANS>>> set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome
Knowledge - ANS>>> awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that
information can be made useful to support a task
True or False: If an organization's information is not accurate or complete, people can make poor
decisions, costing thousands, or even millions, of dollars - ANS>>> True
True or false: Accuracy and completeness are not critical for data used in accounting for the
management of company assets - ANS>>> False
True or False: An organization's technology infrastructure includes all the hardware, software,
databases, networks, people, and procedures - ANS>>> True
Sustaining innovation - ANS>>> results in enhancements to existing products, services, and ways of
operating
Disruptive innovation - ANS>>> one that initially provides a lower level of performance than the
marketplace has grown to accept
Reengineering - ANS>>> Involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures,
information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results
Continuous improvement - ANS>>> Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes and add
value to products and services
, Change management - ANS>>> soft side of implementing change; involves work designed to help
employees embrace a new information system and way of working
Lewin's change model - ANS>>> 1. Unfreezing: preparing for a change
2. Moving: making the change
3. Refreezing: institutionalizing
Lewin's force field analysis - ANS>>> Identifies both the driving (positive) and restraining (negative)
forces that influences whether change can occur
Leavitt's Diamond - ANS>>> A theory that proposes that every organizational system is made up of four
main components, people, tasks, structure, and technology, with an interaction among the four
components
True or False: Any change in one of the four elements of Leavitt's diamond will not necessitate a change
in the other three elements - ANS>>> False
Ransomware - ANS>>> Malware that stops you from using your computer or accessing your data until
you meet certain demands such as paying a ransom or sending photos to the attacker
Viruses - ANS>>> A piece of programming code that causes a computer to behave in an unexpected and
undesirable manner
Trojan Horses - ANS>>> A seemingly harmless program in which malicious code is hidden
Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks - ANS>>> An attack in which a malicious hacker takes over
computers via the internet and causes them to flood a target site with demands for data and other small
tasks
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) - ANS>>> A network attack in which an intruder gains access to a
network and stays undetected with the intention of stealing data over a long period of time
Phishing - ANS>>> The act of fraudulently using email to try to get the recipient to reveal personal data
