APHON EXAM questions with correct
verified detailed answers latest updated
version 2025
How does cancer start?--- correct precise answer ---with one cell; one
genetic mutation
How are cyclins activated?--- correct precise answer ---When they are
bound with a CDK enzyme
What do cyclins do?--- correct precise answer ---stimulate the cell to
go to the next phase
What do CDK inhibitors do?--- correct precise answer ---prevent
damaged cells from replicating
What is apoptosis?--- correct precise answer ---programmed cell
death
What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by
phagocytes?--- correct precise answer ---apoptosis
, Do cancer cells have apoptosis?--- correct precise answer ---no
What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to
treat cancer?--- correct precise answer ---resistance to single
chemotherapy agents can develop
Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents?--- correct precise
answer ---to overcome drug resistance and give a broader range of
coverage against naturally resistant tumor cells
In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---primary Tumor size
In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---presence or absence of lymph Node involvement
In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---presence or absence of distant Metastases
What is pharmacodynamics?--- correct precise answer ---the effect of
the medication on the body
verified detailed answers latest updated
version 2025
How does cancer start?--- correct precise answer ---with one cell; one
genetic mutation
How are cyclins activated?--- correct precise answer ---When they are
bound with a CDK enzyme
What do cyclins do?--- correct precise answer ---stimulate the cell to
go to the next phase
What do CDK inhibitors do?--- correct precise answer ---prevent
damaged cells from replicating
What is apoptosis?--- correct precise answer ---programmed cell
death
What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by
phagocytes?--- correct precise answer ---apoptosis
, Do cancer cells have apoptosis?--- correct precise answer ---no
What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to
treat cancer?--- correct precise answer ---resistance to single
chemotherapy agents can develop
Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents?--- correct precise
answer ---to overcome drug resistance and give a broader range of
coverage against naturally resistant tumor cells
In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---primary Tumor size
In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---presence or absence of lymph Node involvement
In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for?--- correct
precise answer ---presence or absence of distant Metastases
What is pharmacodynamics?--- correct precise answer ---the effect of
the medication on the body
