BIOLOGY 102 EXAM 4 (CHP. 32, 33, 34)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.
A. 7 FOXP2 genes
B. 5 Dlx genes
C. 9 Otx genes
D. 13 Hox genes - Correct Answers -D. 13 Hox genes
Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.
A. a high degree of cephalization
B. jaws adapted for feeding
C. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
D. the formation of structures from the neural crest - Correct Answers -C. a notochord
and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in
appearance?
A. amphibians
B. lancelets
C. chondrichthyans
D. adult tunicates - Correct Answers -B. Lancelets
The antennae of insects have a function most similar to that of ________.
a. rhinophores
b. dorsal plumules
c. cerata
d. chemoreceptors - Correct Answers -A. rhinophores
In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that
contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism
could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of
the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?
,A. a mantle
B. a heart
C. a filter-feeding apparatus
D. a body cavity - Correct Answers -A. a mantle
What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae?
The insect would have trouble _____.
a. hearing
b. seeing
c. smelling
d. mating - Correct Answers -c. smelling
Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____.
A. the digestive system's opening
B. sites of respiration
C. suspension-feeding devices
D. components of the jaw - Correct Answers -C. suspension-feeding devices
Based on this phylogeny, which vertebrate groups would you expect to have lungs or
lung derivatives?
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia - Correct Answers -Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
All of these groups originate to the right of (evolved after) the hatch mark indicating the
appearance of lungs or lung derivatives in their lineage.
Which of the following chordates is most likely to look the LEAST like other chordates?
A. larval tunicate
B. adult tunicate
C. lancelet
,D. adult human
E. embryonic human - Correct Answers -B. adult tunicate
An adult tunicate does not have a notochord (or vertebrae), a nerve cord, or a post-anal
tail. The only chordate feature it retains is pharyngeal slits.
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?
A. a muscular, post-anal tail
B. a hollow dorsal nerve cord
C. pharyngeal slits or clefts
D. notochord
E. vertebrae - Correct Answers -E. vertebrae
Lancelets and tunicates are two subgroups of chordates that lack vertebrae. Hagfishes
do, too.
The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.
A. locomotion
B. defense
C. respiration
D. feeding - Correct Answers -D. feeding
What did the Haikouella, a primitive early chordate fossil, lack that vertebrates have?
A. a well-formed brain
B. a skull
C. the mouth structure of a suspension feeder
D. small eyes
E. muscle segments along the body - Correct Answers -B. a skull
Haikouella lacked a skull, a trait found in vertebrates.
Neural crest cells appear on the edges of the neural tube and spread throughout the
embryo, giving rise to all of the following structures except __________.
A. sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop
B. teeth
C. pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates
D. several types of neurons
E. some of the bones and cartilage of the skull - Correct Answers -C. pharyngeal slits
(or clefts) of invertebrate chordates
The neural crest is unique to vertebrates and does not exist in earlier chordate lineages,
such as invertebrates.
, Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
A. jaws
B. paired fins
C. a rasping tongue
D. a well-developed notochord - Correct Answers -D. a well-developed notochord
Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful
predators?
A. lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange through
the skin
B. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange
through the skin
C. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange
in the gills
D. lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange in the
gills - Correct Answers -B. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and
improved gas exchange through the skin
At one time, Chondrichthyes were thought to have split off from other vertebrates before
the evolution of bone. Now we have concluded that the Chondrichthyes split off after the
evolution of bone had started. This change demonstrates ________.
A. scientists accept the simplest hypotheses
B. scientists develop hypotheses and only accept data that confirm their hypotheses
C. revisions of hypotheses take many years
D. as new evidence emerges, scientists revise their hypotheses - Correct Answers -D.
as new evidence emerges, scientists revise their hypotheses
Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
A. chondrichthyans
B. ray-finned fishes
C. lampreys
D. placoderms - Correct Answers -A. chondrichthyans
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate
lineages?
A. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
B. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
C. It made additional food sources available.
D. It allowed for smaller body size. - Correct Answers -C. it made additional food
sources available
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.
A. 7 FOXP2 genes
B. 5 Dlx genes
C. 9 Otx genes
D. 13 Hox genes - Correct Answers -D. 13 Hox genes
Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.
A. a high degree of cephalization
B. jaws adapted for feeding
C. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
D. the formation of structures from the neural crest - Correct Answers -C. a notochord
and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in
appearance?
A. amphibians
B. lancelets
C. chondrichthyans
D. adult tunicates - Correct Answers -B. Lancelets
The antennae of insects have a function most similar to that of ________.
a. rhinophores
b. dorsal plumules
c. cerata
d. chemoreceptors - Correct Answers -A. rhinophores
In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that
contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism
could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of
the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?
,A. a mantle
B. a heart
C. a filter-feeding apparatus
D. a body cavity - Correct Answers -A. a mantle
What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae?
The insect would have trouble _____.
a. hearing
b. seeing
c. smelling
d. mating - Correct Answers -c. smelling
Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____.
A. the digestive system's opening
B. sites of respiration
C. suspension-feeding devices
D. components of the jaw - Correct Answers -C. suspension-feeding devices
Based on this phylogeny, which vertebrate groups would you expect to have lungs or
lung derivatives?
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia - Correct Answers -Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
All of these groups originate to the right of (evolved after) the hatch mark indicating the
appearance of lungs or lung derivatives in their lineage.
Which of the following chordates is most likely to look the LEAST like other chordates?
A. larval tunicate
B. adult tunicate
C. lancelet
,D. adult human
E. embryonic human - Correct Answers -B. adult tunicate
An adult tunicate does not have a notochord (or vertebrae), a nerve cord, or a post-anal
tail. The only chordate feature it retains is pharyngeal slits.
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?
A. a muscular, post-anal tail
B. a hollow dorsal nerve cord
C. pharyngeal slits or clefts
D. notochord
E. vertebrae - Correct Answers -E. vertebrae
Lancelets and tunicates are two subgroups of chordates that lack vertebrae. Hagfishes
do, too.
The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.
A. locomotion
B. defense
C. respiration
D. feeding - Correct Answers -D. feeding
What did the Haikouella, a primitive early chordate fossil, lack that vertebrates have?
A. a well-formed brain
B. a skull
C. the mouth structure of a suspension feeder
D. small eyes
E. muscle segments along the body - Correct Answers -B. a skull
Haikouella lacked a skull, a trait found in vertebrates.
Neural crest cells appear on the edges of the neural tube and spread throughout the
embryo, giving rise to all of the following structures except __________.
A. sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop
B. teeth
C. pharyngeal slits (or clefts) of invertebrate chordates
D. several types of neurons
E. some of the bones and cartilage of the skull - Correct Answers -C. pharyngeal slits
(or clefts) of invertebrate chordates
The neural crest is unique to vertebrates and does not exist in earlier chordate lineages,
such as invertebrates.
, Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
A. jaws
B. paired fins
C. a rasping tongue
D. a well-developed notochord - Correct Answers -D. a well-developed notochord
Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful
predators?
A. lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange through
the skin
B. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange
through the skin
C. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange
in the gills
D. lobe fins that allowed temporary access to land and improved gas exchange in the
gills - Correct Answers -B. fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and
improved gas exchange through the skin
At one time, Chondrichthyes were thought to have split off from other vertebrates before
the evolution of bone. Now we have concluded that the Chondrichthyes split off after the
evolution of bone had started. This change demonstrates ________.
A. scientists accept the simplest hypotheses
B. scientists develop hypotheses and only accept data that confirm their hypotheses
C. revisions of hypotheses take many years
D. as new evidence emerges, scientists revise their hypotheses - Correct Answers -D.
as new evidence emerges, scientists revise their hypotheses
Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
A. chondrichthyans
B. ray-finned fishes
C. lampreys
D. placoderms - Correct Answers -A. chondrichthyans
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate
lineages?
A. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
B. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
C. It made additional food sources available.
D. It allowed for smaller body size. - Correct Answers -C. it made additional food
sources available
