GMS6440 Fundamentals of Medical Physiology Graded A+!!!

T or F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be a voluntary movement. - ANS False T or F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ANS True T or F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ANS True What is the normal movement of blood through the heart? - ANS Right atrium- right ventricle- lung- left atrium- left ventricle Normally, humans have _____ lobes in the left lung and _____ lobes in the right lung. - ANS 2, 3 In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly in the _______ - ANS Alveoli The urinary system is composed of ____ kidneys, _____ ureters and ______ bladders. - ANS 2, 2, 2 Filtered waste from the glomerulus moves in what order, ending with the collecting duct? - ANS Bowmans capsule- proximal tubule- loop of Henle- distal tubule- collecting duct T or F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ANS True Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by ________ - ANS Receptors T or F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ANS False. Nodes are non-insulated What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids Where is the concentration of [K+] greater: - ANS In the cytoplasm Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - ANS Passive through a channel Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater: - ANS Outside the cell For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a membrane: - ANS From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ATP T or F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS False In primary active transport, solutes move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ________ concentration. - ANS Low, high T or F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS False T or F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ANS False T or F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - ANS True At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS At equilibrium What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - ANS Concentration (chemical) gradient T or F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. - ANS True Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of _________ plus _________ gradients. - ANS Voltage, chemical concentration The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by _____________ across plasma membranes. - ANS Concentration differences Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential? - ANS K+ Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. - ANS True Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the ___________ as well as ___________ existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ANS Relative degree of ion permeability, ion concentration gradients Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of _________ (excessive ___ concentration in the plasma). - ANS Hyperkalemia, K+ A normal lean person consists of _____ water. - ANS ~60% Most of the sodium in the body is ______ the cells. - ANS Outside The __________ is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. - ANS Cell membrane T or F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ANS True. Ex: inulin T or F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - ANS False T or F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - ANS False. Osmolality is determined by number of particles, not size. T or F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - ANS True T or F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - ANS True Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to what changes in intracellular and extracellular volume? - ANS Sodium stays extracellular, so water moves out of cells and into extracellular space. ECF increases, ICF decreases. T or F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. - ANS False. Water would enter cells, causing lysis. Give D-5% instead and after glucose metabolism, it is equivalent to giving water. T or F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues. - ANS True