NR283-PATHO FINAL EXAM (2025) Actual
Exam Questions and Answers A+ Graded
what .are .some .examples .of .the .first .line .of .defense .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
nonspecific .defense, .mechanical .barrier, .unbroken .skin .and .mucous .membrane,
.secretions .such .as .gastric .juice .and .tears
What .is .a .part .of .the .specific .defense .system .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-T-cells
what .is .specific .defense .(adaptive) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-uniquely .tailored
.responses .to .specific .pathogens .based .on .antigen .identifications
What .is .nonspecific .defense(innate)? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-response .is .the
.same .to .any .challenge .encountered
Resolvins .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammatory .response .to .stay .longer
What .is .the .chance .percentage .of .children .who .will .get .Marfan's .Syndrome? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-50%- .it .is .autosomal .dominant
Examples .of .Autosomal .Recessive .Disorders .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cystic
.fibrosis, .sickle .cell .anemia, .tay .sachs
Down .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-it .is .a .triple .in .the .21st .chromosome, .it
.is .a .chromosomal .disorder, .also .called .trisomy
Examples .of .Autosomal .Dominant .Disorders .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Huntington
.chorea, .marfan .syndrom, .polycystic .kidney .disease
X-linked .dominant .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fragile .x .syndrome
X-linked .recessive .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-only .affects .males, .hemophilia .A,
.colorblindness, .buchene .muscular .dystrophy
What .occurs .when .one .is .born .with .only .1 .X .chromosome .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Monosomy .X .AKA .turner .syndrome
what .type .of .disease .is .sickle .cell .anemia .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-autosomal
.recessive
Characteristics .of .down .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Small .head, .round
.face, .flat .facial .profile.
,Slanted .eyes .and .epicanthic .fold.
Large .tongue, .high-arched .palate.
Small .hands, .single .palmar .crease.
Short .stature, .wide .nose
Muscles .tend .to .be .hypotonic, .loose .joints.
Delayed .developmental .stages.
Cognitive .impairment .ranges .from .mild .to .major.
Delayed .or .incomplete .sexual .development.
Males .infertile.
Females .have .lower .rate .of .conception.
What .is .a .macule .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .flat .lesion .that .differs .in .color .from
.surrounding .skin .(<1 .cm .in .diameter)
what .is .urticaria .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hives .d/t .allergic .reaction. .Raised .welts
What .causes .painful .blisters .along .the .spinal .nerve .root, .also .burning .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-shingles
example .of .an .autoimmune .disorder .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-lupus
What .are .the .different .stages .of .pressure .ulcers .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1.)
.Change .in .skin .color .2.) .damage .to .the .top .layer .of .skin .3.) .deep .damage .and
.goes .down .to .the .adipose .layer .4.) .Severe .damage .down .to .the .muscle .and .the
.bone
Cells .vary .in .size .and .shape .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dysplasia
Differeent .mitotic .cells .that .are .at .different .mature .stages... .resp .tract .of .smoker
.- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Metaplasia
Finding .in .a .papsmear .that .usually .indicates .cancer .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
dysplasia
What .is .an .increase .in .the .size .of .the .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypertrophy
what .is .an .increase .in .the .number .of .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hyperplasia
What .is .tertiary .prevention .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Rehabilitative .therapies .and
.monitoring .of .health .to .prevent .complications .or .further .illness, .injury, .or
.disability
Best .ways .to .cope .with .stress .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-meditation, .rest, .healthy
.diet, .exercise, .music, .deep .breathing
Complications .of .chronic .stress .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypertension,
.hyperglycemia, .depression, .heart .disease, .weak .immune .system, .type .II
.diabetes
, What .is .it .called .when .colon .cancer .spreads .to .liver .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
metastasis
Active .vs .Passive .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Active .= .individual .has
.memory .cells .- .can .make .their .own .antibodies .& .provides .long .term .immunity
.Passive .= .person .given .antibodies, .these .work .then .die, .no .long .term
.immunity, .no .memory .cells.
Natural .Active .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-production .of .one's .own
.antibodies .or .T .cells .as .a .result .of .infection .or .natural .exposure .to .antigen
Natural .Passive .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-acquired .by .a .child .through
.placenta .and .breast .milk
artificial .active .immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-vaccination
Artificial .passive .immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-immunity .which .results .from
.the .administration .of .antibodies .from
another .animal .against .a .dangerous .pathogen.
What .does .anorexia .mean .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-loss .of .appetite
Signs .of .local .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-swelling, .redness, .heat, .pain,
.inflammation
Mediators .released .in .the .inflammatory .response .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
histamine, .prostaglandins, .bradykinin .(injured .cells, .pain .receptors), .leukotrins
Chronic .vs .acute .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Chronic: .persistent
.destruction .and .repair .(monocytes); .Acute: .neutrophil, .eosinophil, .antibody
.mediated
Classification .of .burns .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-superficial, .superficial .partial
.thickness, .deep .partial .thickness, .full .thickness
What .is .hypersensitivity .type .II .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tissue .specific, .cytotoxic,
.or .cytolytic .hypersensitivity
occurs .when .antibodies .attack .antigens .on .surface .of .specific .cells .or .tissues;
.causing .lysis
Ex: .Transfusion .reaction; .hemolytic .disease .of .newborn
What .immunoglobin .is .involved .in .Type .I .hypersensitivities .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-IgE(mast .cells .and .histamine). .causes .for .immediate .release
What .makes .genetic .test .appropriate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-when .there .is .family
.history .of .the .disease
Exam Questions and Answers A+ Graded
what .are .some .examples .of .the .first .line .of .defense .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
nonspecific .defense, .mechanical .barrier, .unbroken .skin .and .mucous .membrane,
.secretions .such .as .gastric .juice .and .tears
What .is .a .part .of .the .specific .defense .system .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-T-cells
what .is .specific .defense .(adaptive) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-uniquely .tailored
.responses .to .specific .pathogens .based .on .antigen .identifications
What .is .nonspecific .defense(innate)? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-response .is .the
.same .to .any .challenge .encountered
Resolvins .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammatory .response .to .stay .longer
What .is .the .chance .percentage .of .children .who .will .get .Marfan's .Syndrome? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-50%- .it .is .autosomal .dominant
Examples .of .Autosomal .Recessive .Disorders .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cystic
.fibrosis, .sickle .cell .anemia, .tay .sachs
Down .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-it .is .a .triple .in .the .21st .chromosome, .it
.is .a .chromosomal .disorder, .also .called .trisomy
Examples .of .Autosomal .Dominant .Disorders .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Huntington
.chorea, .marfan .syndrom, .polycystic .kidney .disease
X-linked .dominant .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fragile .x .syndrome
X-linked .recessive .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-only .affects .males, .hemophilia .A,
.colorblindness, .buchene .muscular .dystrophy
What .occurs .when .one .is .born .with .only .1 .X .chromosome .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Monosomy .X .AKA .turner .syndrome
what .type .of .disease .is .sickle .cell .anemia .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-autosomal
.recessive
Characteristics .of .down .syndrome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Small .head, .round
.face, .flat .facial .profile.
,Slanted .eyes .and .epicanthic .fold.
Large .tongue, .high-arched .palate.
Small .hands, .single .palmar .crease.
Short .stature, .wide .nose
Muscles .tend .to .be .hypotonic, .loose .joints.
Delayed .developmental .stages.
Cognitive .impairment .ranges .from .mild .to .major.
Delayed .or .incomplete .sexual .development.
Males .infertile.
Females .have .lower .rate .of .conception.
What .is .a .macule .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .flat .lesion .that .differs .in .color .from
.surrounding .skin .(<1 .cm .in .diameter)
what .is .urticaria .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hives .d/t .allergic .reaction. .Raised .welts
What .causes .painful .blisters .along .the .spinal .nerve .root, .also .burning .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-shingles
example .of .an .autoimmune .disorder .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-lupus
What .are .the .different .stages .of .pressure .ulcers .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1.)
.Change .in .skin .color .2.) .damage .to .the .top .layer .of .skin .3.) .deep .damage .and
.goes .down .to .the .adipose .layer .4.) .Severe .damage .down .to .the .muscle .and .the
.bone
Cells .vary .in .size .and .shape .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dysplasia
Differeent .mitotic .cells .that .are .at .different .mature .stages... .resp .tract .of .smoker
.- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Metaplasia
Finding .in .a .papsmear .that .usually .indicates .cancer .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
dysplasia
What .is .an .increase .in .the .size .of .the .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypertrophy
what .is .an .increase .in .the .number .of .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hyperplasia
What .is .tertiary .prevention .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Rehabilitative .therapies .and
.monitoring .of .health .to .prevent .complications .or .further .illness, .injury, .or
.disability
Best .ways .to .cope .with .stress .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-meditation, .rest, .healthy
.diet, .exercise, .music, .deep .breathing
Complications .of .chronic .stress .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypertension,
.hyperglycemia, .depression, .heart .disease, .weak .immune .system, .type .II
.diabetes
, What .is .it .called .when .colon .cancer .spreads .to .liver .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
metastasis
Active .vs .Passive .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Active .= .individual .has
.memory .cells .- .can .make .their .own .antibodies .& .provides .long .term .immunity
.Passive .= .person .given .antibodies, .these .work .then .die, .no .long .term
.immunity, .no .memory .cells.
Natural .Active .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-production .of .one's .own
.antibodies .or .T .cells .as .a .result .of .infection .or .natural .exposure .to .antigen
Natural .Passive .Immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-acquired .by .a .child .through
.placenta .and .breast .milk
artificial .active .immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-vaccination
Artificial .passive .immunity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-immunity .which .results .from
.the .administration .of .antibodies .from
another .animal .against .a .dangerous .pathogen.
What .does .anorexia .mean .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-loss .of .appetite
Signs .of .local .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-swelling, .redness, .heat, .pain,
.inflammation
Mediators .released .in .the .inflammatory .response .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
histamine, .prostaglandins, .bradykinin .(injured .cells, .pain .receptors), .leukotrins
Chronic .vs .acute .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Chronic: .persistent
.destruction .and .repair .(monocytes); .Acute: .neutrophil, .eosinophil, .antibody
.mediated
Classification .of .burns .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-superficial, .superficial .partial
.thickness, .deep .partial .thickness, .full .thickness
What .is .hypersensitivity .type .II .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tissue .specific, .cytotoxic,
.or .cytolytic .hypersensitivity
occurs .when .antibodies .attack .antigens .on .surface .of .specific .cells .or .tissues;
.causing .lysis
Ex: .Transfusion .reaction; .hemolytic .disease .of .newborn
What .immunoglobin .is .involved .in .Type .I .hypersensitivities .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-IgE(mast .cells .and .histamine). .causes .for .immediate .release
What .makes .genetic .test .appropriate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-when .there .is .family
.history .of .the .disease
