Exam 2: NU606 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
NU606 Exam 2
ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST
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1. What are opportunistic pathogens? Only affects you when your im-
mune system is trash, e.g those
with HIV/AIDs (Usually die of sec-
ondary infection)
2. What are prions? No genome, proteins
Can cause disease
Can also cause normal proteins to
change shape and become new
prions (if ingested)
*Mad cow disease
3. What are prion-associated diseases 1. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
2. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Dis-
ease
3. Bovine Spongiform En-
cephalopathy (BSE, Mad Cow Dis-
ease)
4. Kuru
- All of them cause the brain to look
like a sponge
- ALL cause cognitive impairment
4. How are viruses different than bacteria? - Some have envelopes, if they
don't they're considered naked
- Submicroscopic infectious agents
that have either DNA or RNA
- Capsid protects virus when it is
NOT inside host cell (i.e. Hanging
onto the door knob)
5. What is bacteria?
, NU606 Exam 2
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Prokaryote
-W/o nuclei and no mem-
brane-bound organelles
-Produce biofilm: Collection of bac-
teria on surface
-Contain RNA and DNA
-Bacteria with plasmids can give
an "edge"; codes for resistance to
certain antibiotics
- Use hosts for food and shelter
6. Are most fungal infections on the surface of the Yes
body?
7. What are fomites? inanimate objects that can spread
disease such as a doorknob, cloth-
ing, countertop etc
8. What are zoonoses diseaes of animals that can spread
to humans
9. How do pathogenic microbes get into the body? Depends on the microbe, but in
general, they can be ingested, in-
haled or get in through vaginal flu-
id or semen.
10. What are virulence factors? Allow bacteria to be pathogenic
How do they allow bacteria to be pathogenic? - Destroy some part of the host,
making it easier to get in or repli-
cate
i.e. Lipase - digest oil on skin
11.
, NU606 Exam 2
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Where do bacteria endotoxins come from? Endotoxins cause host immunize
What do they cause? reactions
12. What are bacterial exotoxins? - Proteins released by bacteria
What do they do to host cells? - Damage or kill host cells
13. What is sepsis? toxic inflammatory condition aris-
ing from the spread of microbes,
especially bacteria or their toxins,
from a focus of infection in the
blood
14. If a word ends in itis, what does that mean? Inflammation, may or may not be
due to infection
15. What are the major mechanisms in which antibi- - Cell wall synthesis
otics inhibit or kill bacteria? - Protein Synthesis
- Nucleic acid synthesis
- Metabolism
16. How do bacteria fight back? - Break down antibiotics
- Altering antibiotic binding sites
- Using different metabolic path-
ways
- Changing cell walls to keep antibi-
otics out
17. How do antivirals work? Inhibit
-Viral RNA and DNA synthesis
-Viral enzymes
-Viral binding to cells
- Production of capsids of new
viruses
, NU606 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_he7kvd
18. Bacterial endotoxins come from_______________. A. The lipids from the outer mem-
A. The lipids from the outer membrane of a brane of a Gram negative bacterial
Gram negative bacterial cell wall cell wall.
B. Proteins from Gram positive bacteria
C. Viruses
D. None of the above
19. True or False: All interactions between humans False, some microorganisms per-
and microorganisms are detrimental. form important functions for their
human hosts, like producing vita-
mins, assisting digestion, or pre-
venting harmful pathogens from
entering host.
20. Which pathogen is an intracellular parasite con- B. Virus
sisting of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic
acid?
A. Prion
B. Virus
C. Bacteria
D. Protozoa
21. True or False: Certain bacterial cells release pro- False; endotoxins are proteins;
teins called endotoxins during growth. endotoxins contain no protein
(they are composed of lipids and
polysaccharides). Endotoxins are
not released during bacterial cell
growth.
22. Which type of infections are treated based upon C. Bacterial
the results of a Gram stain?
A. Fungal
NU606 Exam 2
ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_he7kvd
100% SOLVED 2025!!
1. What are opportunistic pathogens? Only affects you when your im-
mune system is trash, e.g those
with HIV/AIDs (Usually die of sec-
ondary infection)
2. What are prions? No genome, proteins
Can cause disease
Can also cause normal proteins to
change shape and become new
prions (if ingested)
*Mad cow disease
3. What are prion-associated diseases 1. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
2. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Dis-
ease
3. Bovine Spongiform En-
cephalopathy (BSE, Mad Cow Dis-
ease)
4. Kuru
- All of them cause the brain to look
like a sponge
- ALL cause cognitive impairment
4. How are viruses different than bacteria? - Some have envelopes, if they
don't they're considered naked
- Submicroscopic infectious agents
that have either DNA or RNA
- Capsid protects virus when it is
NOT inside host cell (i.e. Hanging
onto the door knob)
5. What is bacteria?
, NU606 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_he7kvd
Prokaryote
-W/o nuclei and no mem-
brane-bound organelles
-Produce biofilm: Collection of bac-
teria on surface
-Contain RNA and DNA
-Bacteria with plasmids can give
an "edge"; codes for resistance to
certain antibiotics
- Use hosts for food and shelter
6. Are most fungal infections on the surface of the Yes
body?
7. What are fomites? inanimate objects that can spread
disease such as a doorknob, cloth-
ing, countertop etc
8. What are zoonoses diseaes of animals that can spread
to humans
9. How do pathogenic microbes get into the body? Depends on the microbe, but in
general, they can be ingested, in-
haled or get in through vaginal flu-
id or semen.
10. What are virulence factors? Allow bacteria to be pathogenic
How do they allow bacteria to be pathogenic? - Destroy some part of the host,
making it easier to get in or repli-
cate
i.e. Lipase - digest oil on skin
11.
, NU606 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_he7kvd
Where do bacteria endotoxins come from? Endotoxins cause host immunize
What do they cause? reactions
12. What are bacterial exotoxins? - Proteins released by bacteria
What do they do to host cells? - Damage or kill host cells
13. What is sepsis? toxic inflammatory condition aris-
ing from the spread of microbes,
especially bacteria or their toxins,
from a focus of infection in the
blood
14. If a word ends in itis, what does that mean? Inflammation, may or may not be
due to infection
15. What are the major mechanisms in which antibi- - Cell wall synthesis
otics inhibit or kill bacteria? - Protein Synthesis
- Nucleic acid synthesis
- Metabolism
16. How do bacteria fight back? - Break down antibiotics
- Altering antibiotic binding sites
- Using different metabolic path-
ways
- Changing cell walls to keep antibi-
otics out
17. How do antivirals work? Inhibit
-Viral RNA and DNA synthesis
-Viral enzymes
-Viral binding to cells
- Production of capsids of new
viruses
, NU606 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_he7kvd
18. Bacterial endotoxins come from_______________. A. The lipids from the outer mem-
A. The lipids from the outer membrane of a brane of a Gram negative bacterial
Gram negative bacterial cell wall cell wall.
B. Proteins from Gram positive bacteria
C. Viruses
D. None of the above
19. True or False: All interactions between humans False, some microorganisms per-
and microorganisms are detrimental. form important functions for their
human hosts, like producing vita-
mins, assisting digestion, or pre-
venting harmful pathogens from
entering host.
20. Which pathogen is an intracellular parasite con- B. Virus
sisting of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic
acid?
A. Prion
B. Virus
C. Bacteria
D. Protozoa
21. True or False: Certain bacterial cells release pro- False; endotoxins are proteins;
teins called endotoxins during growth. endotoxins contain no protein
(they are composed of lipids and
polysaccharides). Endotoxins are
not released during bacterial cell
growth.
22. Which type of infections are treated based upon C. Bacterial
the results of a Gram stain?
A. Fungal
