BIO 151 Exam 2 Questions And Answers

For cell function, which type of macromolecule is responsible for carrying out the work (make up the structure and function of the cell)? - ANS protein For cell function, which type of macromolecule is responsible for carrying the information that codes for the molecules that carry out the work for that cell? - ANS DNA/nucleotides Explain the central dogma of biology. - ANS Each gene in the DNA molecule carries the information needed to construct one protein Define gene. - ANS Regions of a chromosome that provide instructions for building a specific protein. How much of the human genome codes for protein? Why does this matter? - ANS 2% codes for protein. 98% is noncoding DNA Differentiate between gene, chromosome, and genome. - ANS gene - specific sequence of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce all or some of a protein molecule (inside the chromosome) chromosome - one or more unique pieces of DNA that strands together (inside the genome) genome - organism's complete set of DNA Define gene expression. - ANS the process by which the information in DNA is used to make a protein How does the information stored in DNA control which proteins get made? - ANS the DNA nucleotides determine the order of amino acids in a protein Define and differentiate between mutation, point mutation, substitution, insertion, and deletion. - ANS mutation - change in the hereditary message of an organism point mutation - change just one nucleotide of a gene substitution - replaces on nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides insertion - inserting a new nucleotide deletion - removal of a nucleotide Differentiate between somatic and gamete cells. - ANS somatic - these cells are passed ONLY to other cells in the same tissues of an individual gamete - these cells are passed to subsequent generations (hereditary) Where do mutations come from? - ANS errors made during DNA replication for cell division or exposure to physical and chemical mutagens Explain why the mistakes made during DNA replication is much numerous than the final number of errors in the finished DNA molecule. - ANS cells can repair mutations Define genetic engineering. - ANS involves the manipulation of DNA for human purposes, allows to change the gene expression of an organism Define recombinant DNA and explain how it is made (based on class content). - ANS DNA from two different organisms that have been joined together in a single DNA molecule. It is placed into a rapidly multiplying cell (like bacteria or yeast) to quickly produce large amounts of the gene product Discuss the two outcomes of recombinant DNA technology. - ANS inject them together, let them grow and gene therapy Define gene therapy. - ANS replace faulty genes with functional genes, used to treat diseases Explain how matter and energy are each required for human life. - ANS take in matter for structure and require energy for life processes, humans get their energy from food Describe the rolls of ATP and Carbon in cells. - ANS ATP powers cells processes, Carbon is used to build macromolecules of life What does cell respiration do to the various macromolecules? - ANS Carbon based energy storing macromolecules of life converted to useable energy (ATP) Where does cellular respiration take place? - ANS mitochondria What is the role of enzymes in cellular respiration? - ANS to control chemical reactions What are the 3 phases of cellular respiration? - ANS glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transportation Define fermentation and discuss its importance for humans. - ANS the breakdown of a carbon based energy source without oxygen. muscle cells during strenuous exercise What are the ratios for balanced human life? - ANS carbohydrates 60% proteins 15% fats 25% What roles do the nutrients play? - ANS energy, maintain, repair, and replace cells, vitamins for processes, chemical reactions, build cellular structures What are the risks of overconsumptions? - ANS obesity, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, cancer Explain how carbs and fats are not the same. - ANS When you starve yourself of carbs, your body starts using fats for energy, but that energy is short-term storage, whereas fats are long-term storage Compare and contrast simple sugars and complex carbohydrates. - ANS simple sugars = "quick energy" processed by cells quickly, empty calories complex carbohydrates = in dietary fiber and yield more energy over time Describe the human lifestyle with meiosis and mitosis. - ANS meiosis provides the sperm and egg, then fertilization takes place, mitosis for growth and development, and mitosis for repair and maintenance Explain why cell/DNA replication must be accurate. - ANS so the instructions will be copied correctly Define stem cell. - ANS an undifferentiated cell Define differentiation. - ANS a cell that has a specialized function List the major events of the three trimesters. - ANS first - 0 - 12/14 weeks, pre-embryonic through embryonic periods, organ system formation. second - 13 - 24 weeks, organ system maturation/development, lungs third - 24 - 40 weeks, rapid growth, light sensitivity, taste buds Define apoptosis. - ANS major type of cell death. it regulates organ/body size, old cells die as new ones are produced Define spontaneous abortion. - ANS (miscarriage) after implantation, the embryo stops developing and is released from the mother's body How can implantation or placental position impact fetal development? - ANS a fetus cannot grow in the fallopian tubes, whereas it will die