Radiographic Pathology Skeletal System exam questions and answrs fully solved

Radiographic Pathology Skeletal System exam questions and answrs fully solved Periosteum - AnswersFibrous membrane covering the outer surface Diaphysis - AnswersShaft of long bone Epiphyses - AnswersEnd of long bone that at first is separated form the main part by cartilage but later fuses together by ossification Medullary cavity - AnswersHollow, tube-like structure within the diaphysis Endosteum - AnswersInner membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone Compact bone - AnswersOuter layer consists of which to the naked eye appears dense and structureless Cancellous (spongy) bone - AnswersSpongy bone of medullary cavity and bony trabeculae Trabeculae - AnswersSupporting or anchoring strands of connective tissue within body structures Epiphyseal cartilage - AnswersCartilagenous plate separtating the epiphysis from the diaphysis Metaphysis - AnswersWider part at the end of the shaft of a long bone, adjacent to the epiphyseal plate; located between epiphysis and the diaphysis Osteoblasts - AnswersProduce new bone around the outer circumference from the periosteum Osteoclasts - AnswersEnlarge the diameter of the medullary cavity by removing bone from the diaphysis walls. Ossification - AnswersBone formation Resorption - AnswersBone destruction from osteoclasts Intramembranous ossification - AnswersBone formation from connective tissue Appositional growth - AnswersFlat bones growth in size by the addition of osseous tissue to their outer surfaces Five basic functions of bones: - Answers1. Bones serve as a supporting framework of the body 2. Bones protect vital organs (e.g. the skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs) 3. Bones serve as levers on which muscles can contract and shorten and thus produce movement at a joint 4. Red bone marrow within certain bones (spinal column, upper humerus, and upper femur is a major site of production of blood cells 5. Bones serve as the major storehouse for calcium salts. The maintenance of normal level of calcium, which is essential for survival, depends on a balance in the rates of calcium movment between blood and bones Vertebral anomalies - AnswersLocation: Lumbar, cervical Imaging appearance: Unilateral or bilateral, L5 expanded transverse process Rudimentary C7 rib Treatment: Cervical may require surgical removal for compression of brachial plexus or subclavian artery Transitional vertebrae - AnswersVertebra with characteristics of another spinal region Cervical rib - AnswersAn extra rib that articulates with a cervical vertebra Spina bifida - AnswersA spinal canal defect caused from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly. Location: Cervical, thoracic, or lumbar/sacral spine Imaging appearance: Splitting of bony neural canal CT/MRI - soft tissue posterior mass with or without spinal cord and nerve roots US - fetal demonstration of location and severity of phyophysiology Treatment: Prevention - folic acid supplements during pregnancy Fetal intervention - minimizing nerve damage Nonfusion requires no treatment Myelomeningocele is removed surgically Spina bifida occulta - AnswersMild, insignificant form, in which there is a splitting of the bony neural canal at the L5 or S1 level. Meningocele - AnswersProtrusion of the meninges through the skin Myelomeningocele - AnswersHerniation of the spinal cord and meninges through the skin Osteopetrosis (marble bones) - AnswersA rare hereditary bone dysplasia in which bone marrow does not form and bones become brittle. Stress fractures occur often. Must increase technical factors due to increased bone density Location: entire skeleton Imaging appearance: Generalized increased bone density Treatment: No efficacious treatment Medications to increase bone resorption Possible transplant - bone marrow or osteoclastic precursors Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones) - AnswersA inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures. May require low Kv to compensate for loss of bone quality. Location: long bones Imaging appearance: Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density Treatment: Fracture alignment External fixation - casting or braces Internal fixation - extension rods for long-bone support to reduce deformities Medications to reduce osteoclastic formation Stem cell transplants are on the horizon Achondroplasia - AnswersMost common form of dwarfism. Results from diminished proliferation of cartilage in the growth plate. Location: Vertebrae (short stature), long bones Imaging appearance: Progressive interpedicular distance from superior to inferior, and scalloping of posterior vertebral bodies Widened metaphysis (Erienmeyer flask deformity) CT - demonstrates spinal narrowing due to spondylosis and vertebral column changes Treatment: Non specific Growth hormone therapy (experimental) Hip dysplasia - AnswersAlso known as developmental hip dysplasia, results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors.