Laboratory Manual
, Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Safety Guidelines*
1. Upon entering the laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, chemical shower,
eyewash station, first aid kit, containers for broken glass, and materials for cleaning up spills.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, handle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip balm in
the laboratory. Restrain long hair, loose clothing, and dangling jewelry.
3. Students who are pregnant, are taking immunosuppressive drugs, or have any other medical
conditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in
the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately.
4. Wearing contact lenses in the laboratory is inadvisable because they do not provide eye
protection and may trap material on the surface of the eye. Soft contact lenses may absorb
volatile chemicals. If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.
5. Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning and end of every lab period, using a
commercially prepared disinfectant or 10% bleach solution. After labs involving dissection of
preserved material, use hot soapy water or disinfectant.
7. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Clean up spills of viable
materials using disinfectant or 10% bleach solution.
8. Properly label glassware and slides.
9. Use mechanical pipetting devices; mouth pipetting is prohibited.
10. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids, mucous membranes, and
nonintact skin, and when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids.
Change gloves between procedures. Wash hands immediately after removing gloves. (Note: Cover
open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)
11. Place glassware and plasticware contaminated by blood and other body fluids in a disposable
autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place them directly into a 10% bleach
solution before reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouthpieces,
swabs, and toothpicks that have come into contact with body fluids into a disposable autoclave
bag, and decontaminate before disposal.
12. To help prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles and lancets. Do
not bend the needles and lancets. Needles and lancets should be placed promptly in a labeled,
puncture-resistant, leakproof container and decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.
13. Do not leave heat sources unattended.
14. Report all spills or accidents, no matter how minor, to the instructor.
15. Never work alone in the laboratory.
16. Remove protective clothing before leaving the laboratory.
*Adapted from:
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), Fifth Edition. 2007. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington,
D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm
Centers for Disease Control. 1996. “Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infec-
tions.” Washington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/bp_universal_precautions.html
Johnson, Ted, and Christine Case. 2010. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Ninth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benja-
min Cummings.
School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. 2006. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Bethesda, MD. www.cpsc.gov/
CPSCPUB/PUBS/NIOSH2007107.pdf
AL G R A WA N Y
,Your time is valuable. Make the most
of your time inside and outside the lab.
To help you manage your time inside and outside the A&P lab classroom, this
best-selling manual works hand-in-hand with Mastering A&P, the leading online
homework and learning program for A&P. This edition features dozens of new,
full-color figures and photos, revamped Clinical Application questions, an
expanded set of pre-lab videos, dissection videos, and more.
9
E X E R C I S E
The Axial Skeleton NEW! Mastering
A&P study tools
are highlighted on the
first page of each lab
Learning Outcomes Go to Mastering A&P™ > Study exercise, along with a
Area to improve your performance
▶ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton. in A&P Lab. photo preview of a
▶ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining disarticulated
bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and
related pre-lab video,
name the important bone markings on each. image from Practice
▶ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae.
▶ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
Anatomy Lab 3.1 (PAL),
▶ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures. or animation.
▶ List the components of the thoracic cage.
▶ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or
image. > Lab Tools > Bone & Dissection
▶ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles. Videos
▶ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls. Instructors may assign new NEW! Mastering
Building Vocabulary coaching
activities, Pre-Lab Quiz questions, Art A&P assignments,
Instructors may assign these and other Pre-Lab Labeling activities, related bone videos
Pre-Lab Quiz Quiz questions using Mastering A&P™ and coaching activities, Practice including NEW
Anatomy Lab Practical questions (PAL),
1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, and more using the Mastering A&P™ Building Vocabulary
and the:
a. thoracic cage c. hip bones
Item Library.
Coaching Activities,
b. femur
2. Eight bones make up the
d. humerus
, which encloses and protects Materials are signaled at
the brain. ▶ Intact skull and Beauchene skull appropriate points
a. cranium b. face c. skull ▶ X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis,
3. The vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs. lordosis, and kyphosis (if available) throughout the manual
a. cervical c. spinal ▶ Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
b. lumbar d. thoracic column, removable intervertebral discs to help you connect the
4. The , commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat
bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body,
▶ Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx exercises to relevant
and the xiphoid process. ▶ Isolated fetal skull
assignments that can
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
5. A fontanelle: be auto-graded in
a. is found only in the fetal skull
b. is a fibrous membrane Mastering A&P.
c. allows for compression of the skull during birth
d. all of the above
T he axial skeleton (the green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 104) can be divided into
three parts: the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division
of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain,
spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
115
See p. 115
i
AL G R A WA N Y
, Be Prepared: Learning in A&P Lab
is an Active Process.
Before going into the lab, read the background information for the exercise, connect
your reading to the figures and photos, complete the pre-lab quiz, and preview the
questions in the tear-out Exercise Review Sheet. After lab, review your lab notes
to remember important concepts. To improve your performance on lab practical
exams, log into Mastering A&P, where you can watch related videos, practice with
customized flashcards, and more.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
3. Using choices from the key at the right, correctly identify muscles provided with leader lines on the illustration.
NEW! Dozens of full-color Key:
figures and photos have a. buccinator
been added to the Exercise b. depressor anguli oris
Review Sheets, replacing c. depressor labii inferioris
black-and-white line drawings. d. frontal belly of the epicranius
Selected labeling questions
e. levator labii inferioris
are available as new Art-
f. masseter
Labeling assignments in
Mastering A&P. g. mentalis
h. occipital belly of the epicranius
i. orbicularis oculi
j. orbicularis oris
k. risorius
l. sternocleidomastoid
See p. 224
m. zygomaticus minor and major
4. Using the key provided in question 3, identify the muscles described next.
Compare to Previous Edition
NEW! Clinical Application Questions have been
added to the Exercise Review Sheets to help you connect
lab concepts with real-world clinical scenarios.
27. + As we age, we often become shorter. Explain why this might occur. ________________________________________
See p. 141
NEW! Building Vocabulary Coaching Activities are a fun way to learn word
roots and A&P terminology while building and practicing important language skills.
, Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Safety Guidelines*
1. Upon entering the laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, chemical shower,
eyewash station, first aid kit, containers for broken glass, and materials for cleaning up spills.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, handle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip balm in
the laboratory. Restrain long hair, loose clothing, and dangling jewelry.
3. Students who are pregnant, are taking immunosuppressive drugs, or have any other medical
conditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in
the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately.
4. Wearing contact lenses in the laboratory is inadvisable because they do not provide eye
protection and may trap material on the surface of the eye. Soft contact lenses may absorb
volatile chemicals. If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.
5. Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning and end of every lab period, using a
commercially prepared disinfectant or 10% bleach solution. After labs involving dissection of
preserved material, use hot soapy water or disinfectant.
7. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Clean up spills of viable
materials using disinfectant or 10% bleach solution.
8. Properly label glassware and slides.
9. Use mechanical pipetting devices; mouth pipetting is prohibited.
10. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids, mucous membranes, and
nonintact skin, and when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids.
Change gloves between procedures. Wash hands immediately after removing gloves. (Note: Cover
open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)
11. Place glassware and plasticware contaminated by blood and other body fluids in a disposable
autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place them directly into a 10% bleach
solution before reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouthpieces,
swabs, and toothpicks that have come into contact with body fluids into a disposable autoclave
bag, and decontaminate before disposal.
12. To help prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles and lancets. Do
not bend the needles and lancets. Needles and lancets should be placed promptly in a labeled,
puncture-resistant, leakproof container and decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.
13. Do not leave heat sources unattended.
14. Report all spills or accidents, no matter how minor, to the instructor.
15. Never work alone in the laboratory.
16. Remove protective clothing before leaving the laboratory.
*Adapted from:
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), Fifth Edition. 2007. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington,
D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm
Centers for Disease Control. 1996. “Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infec-
tions.” Washington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/bp_universal_precautions.html
Johnson, Ted, and Christine Case. 2010. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Ninth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benja-
min Cummings.
School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. 2006. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Bethesda, MD. www.cpsc.gov/
CPSCPUB/PUBS/NIOSH2007107.pdf
AL G R A WA N Y
,Your time is valuable. Make the most
of your time inside and outside the lab.
To help you manage your time inside and outside the A&P lab classroom, this
best-selling manual works hand-in-hand with Mastering A&P, the leading online
homework and learning program for A&P. This edition features dozens of new,
full-color figures and photos, revamped Clinical Application questions, an
expanded set of pre-lab videos, dissection videos, and more.
9
E X E R C I S E
The Axial Skeleton NEW! Mastering
A&P study tools
are highlighted on the
first page of each lab
Learning Outcomes Go to Mastering A&P™ > Study exercise, along with a
Area to improve your performance
▶ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton. in A&P Lab. photo preview of a
▶ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining disarticulated
bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and
related pre-lab video,
name the important bone markings on each. image from Practice
▶ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae.
▶ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
Anatomy Lab 3.1 (PAL),
▶ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures. or animation.
▶ List the components of the thoracic cage.
▶ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or
image. > Lab Tools > Bone & Dissection
▶ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles. Videos
▶ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls. Instructors may assign new NEW! Mastering
Building Vocabulary coaching
activities, Pre-Lab Quiz questions, Art A&P assignments,
Instructors may assign these and other Pre-Lab Labeling activities, related bone videos
Pre-Lab Quiz Quiz questions using Mastering A&P™ and coaching activities, Practice including NEW
Anatomy Lab Practical questions (PAL),
1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, and more using the Mastering A&P™ Building Vocabulary
and the:
a. thoracic cage c. hip bones
Item Library.
Coaching Activities,
b. femur
2. Eight bones make up the
d. humerus
, which encloses and protects Materials are signaled at
the brain. ▶ Intact skull and Beauchene skull appropriate points
a. cranium b. face c. skull ▶ X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis,
3. The vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs. lordosis, and kyphosis (if available) throughout the manual
a. cervical c. spinal ▶ Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
b. lumbar d. thoracic column, removable intervertebral discs to help you connect the
4. The , commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat
bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body,
▶ Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx exercises to relevant
and the xiphoid process. ▶ Isolated fetal skull
assignments that can
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
5. A fontanelle: be auto-graded in
a. is found only in the fetal skull
b. is a fibrous membrane Mastering A&P.
c. allows for compression of the skull during birth
d. all of the above
T he axial skeleton (the green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 104) can be divided into
three parts: the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division
of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain,
spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
115
See p. 115
i
AL G R A WA N Y
, Be Prepared: Learning in A&P Lab
is an Active Process.
Before going into the lab, read the background information for the exercise, connect
your reading to the figures and photos, complete the pre-lab quiz, and preview the
questions in the tear-out Exercise Review Sheet. After lab, review your lab notes
to remember important concepts. To improve your performance on lab practical
exams, log into Mastering A&P, where you can watch related videos, practice with
customized flashcards, and more.
Muscles of the Head and Neck
3. Using choices from the key at the right, correctly identify muscles provided with leader lines on the illustration.
NEW! Dozens of full-color Key:
figures and photos have a. buccinator
been added to the Exercise b. depressor anguli oris
Review Sheets, replacing c. depressor labii inferioris
black-and-white line drawings. d. frontal belly of the epicranius
Selected labeling questions
e. levator labii inferioris
are available as new Art-
f. masseter
Labeling assignments in
Mastering A&P. g. mentalis
h. occipital belly of the epicranius
i. orbicularis oculi
j. orbicularis oris
k. risorius
l. sternocleidomastoid
See p. 224
m. zygomaticus minor and major
4. Using the key provided in question 3, identify the muscles described next.
Compare to Previous Edition
NEW! Clinical Application Questions have been
added to the Exercise Review Sheets to help you connect
lab concepts with real-world clinical scenarios.
27. + As we age, we often become shorter. Explain why this might occur. ________________________________________
See p. 141
NEW! Building Vocabulary Coaching Activities are a fun way to learn word
roots and A&P terminology while building and practicing important language skills.
