1
RN PATHO HESI PREP TOPICS LATEST 2025
GENERAL NOTES
For more HESI OR ATI Exam files: Tutor3570@ g mail .com
, lOMoAR cPSD| 14428323
2
IMMUNE & INFLAMMATION
Immunity
● Innate 🡪nonspecific, skin, short lived, complement system
● Adaptive 🡪slower, specific, long lived memory, antigen antibody(immunoglobulins)
● Passive 🡪 antibodies or t lymph, donor mom to baby or 🡪 short-lived ● Active🡪T cells, natural exposure
or immunization🡪 long lived
Edema
● Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure o Know your Hydrostatic (pushing) and Oncotic (pulling)
▪ Albumin creates oncotic pressure
● Na and H2o retention
● Decrease albumin
● Increase cap permeability (lose albumin in rents)
● Lymph obstruction
HYPERSENSITIVITIES 1-4
Type 1
1. IgE 🡪hypersensitivity reaction
2. Mast cells🡪Histamine release🡪Increase capillary permeability🡪Angioedema, third space of
fluids, hypotension
3. Anaphylaxis, Hay fever
Type 2
1. IgG🡪Tissue specific
2. Complement cascade.
3. Graves, Mismatched Blood aka Transfusion Reaction
4. Transfusion reaction🡪 Fever, tachycardia, flank pain after transfusion starts
Type 3
1. IgG & IgM🡪Immune complex
2. Neutrophils and lysosomal activation of complement system
3. Raynaud, lupus, and glomerulonephritis
, 3
Type 4
1. T cell mediated
2. Organ rejection, Tb test, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Leprosy
NEURO
Parkinson’s disease
● Extrapyramidal, dopamine issues in basal ganglia, resting tremor, bradykinesia
MS🡪Multiple sclerosis.
● Progressive demyelination of the myelination of nerves. Irreversible tissue damage, remission. ●
Visual impairment and brain nerve issues. Decrease bladder strength and deep tendon reflex.
Weakness dm1 graft rejection
Alzheimer’s disease🡪 I HAD 1 QUESTION ON THIS
● Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid b plaques . Form of dementia, slow onset, loss of memory
ALS🡪Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
● Neurogenic, upper and lower motor, affects motor function, progressive to resp failure, patient
awake and alive, sporadic or familial, neuroinflammation, protein infiltration, mitochondria
dysfunction, dysphonia, coughing, drooling
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
● Blood escapes into subarachnoid space, inflammation, decrease lox, Kernig’s, Brudzinski sign, Neck
rigid, papilledema retinal edema, warning bleeds
● SENTINAL HEADACHE< 50 percent mortality, AVM aneurysm
ICP
RN PATHO HESI PREP TOPICS LATEST 2025
GENERAL NOTES
For more HESI OR ATI Exam files: Tutor3570@ g mail .com
, lOMoAR cPSD| 14428323
2
IMMUNE & INFLAMMATION
Immunity
● Innate 🡪nonspecific, skin, short lived, complement system
● Adaptive 🡪slower, specific, long lived memory, antigen antibody(immunoglobulins)
● Passive 🡪 antibodies or t lymph, donor mom to baby or 🡪 short-lived ● Active🡪T cells, natural exposure
or immunization🡪 long lived
Edema
● Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure o Know your Hydrostatic (pushing) and Oncotic (pulling)
▪ Albumin creates oncotic pressure
● Na and H2o retention
● Decrease albumin
● Increase cap permeability (lose albumin in rents)
● Lymph obstruction
HYPERSENSITIVITIES 1-4
Type 1
1. IgE 🡪hypersensitivity reaction
2. Mast cells🡪Histamine release🡪Increase capillary permeability🡪Angioedema, third space of
fluids, hypotension
3. Anaphylaxis, Hay fever
Type 2
1. IgG🡪Tissue specific
2. Complement cascade.
3. Graves, Mismatched Blood aka Transfusion Reaction
4. Transfusion reaction🡪 Fever, tachycardia, flank pain after transfusion starts
Type 3
1. IgG & IgM🡪Immune complex
2. Neutrophils and lysosomal activation of complement system
3. Raynaud, lupus, and glomerulonephritis
, 3
Type 4
1. T cell mediated
2. Organ rejection, Tb test, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Leprosy
NEURO
Parkinson’s disease
● Extrapyramidal, dopamine issues in basal ganglia, resting tremor, bradykinesia
MS🡪Multiple sclerosis.
● Progressive demyelination of the myelination of nerves. Irreversible tissue damage, remission. ●
Visual impairment and brain nerve issues. Decrease bladder strength and deep tendon reflex.
Weakness dm1 graft rejection
Alzheimer’s disease🡪 I HAD 1 QUESTION ON THIS
● Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid b plaques . Form of dementia, slow onset, loss of memory
ALS🡪Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
● Neurogenic, upper and lower motor, affects motor function, progressive to resp failure, patient
awake and alive, sporadic or familial, neuroinflammation, protein infiltration, mitochondria
dysfunction, dysphonia, coughing, drooling
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
● Blood escapes into subarachnoid space, inflammation, decrease lox, Kernig’s, Brudzinski sign, Neck
rigid, papilledema retinal edema, warning bleeds
● SENTINAL HEADACHE< 50 percent mortality, AVM aneurysm
ICP
