EUROPEAN INTEGRATION SINCE
1945 – SUMMARY
STEVEN VAN HECKE; BA1-S2
INHOUD
Inhoud ................................................................................................................................................1
0.Introduction; Why Europe .................................................................................................................2
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................2
From Schuman to von der Leyen .....................................................................................................2
1.Why is there no European army yet?................................................................................................4
2.Why is the single market never fully realised .................................................................................. 15
inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.Why do the british want to set their own course .............................................................................. 22
inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.Why do we use the euro?............................................................................................................... 28
5.why do new countries keep joining ................................................................................................. 33
inleiding: frans-duitse as ................................................................................................................ 33
6.why does every crisis strengthen the eu? ....................................................................................... 38
lissabon als startpunt crisissen ...................................................................................................... 38
1
,0. INTRODUCTION; WHY EUROPE
ABBREVIATIONS
https://studygo.com/nl/learn/lists/176338414/abbreviations---european-integration-since-1945
FROM SCHUMAN TO VON DER LEYEN
EU: enlargement history
• Accession criteria: Copenhagen criteria
• Enlargement is probably the biggest success of the integration process
Schengen zone
= all EU countries (excl. Cyprus, Ireland, Bulgaria & Romania) + Liechtenstein, Norway, Iceland &
Switzerland
Schengen Agreement
= totstandbrenging Schengengebied zonder grenzen
Fiscaal Pact
= versterking v/d begrotingsdiscipline binnen de eurozone
3 perspectives
• Treaties (deepening)
• Geography / enlargement (enlargement and exit)
• Crises
2
,3 phases
1950 – 1990 1990 – 2016 2016 - …
Paradigma Koude Oorlog Post-Koude oorlog Nieuwe Koude oorlog
Wereldorde Pax Americana Globalisatie Strategische autonomie
Duitsland Westbindung Wiedervereinigung Zeitenwende
European Integratie Marktintegratie EMU + uitbreiding Geopolitiek
NATO countries
1949 Belgium, Netherlands, France, USA, UK, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg,
Canada, Portugal, Iceland, Italy
1952 Türkiye, Greece
1955 Germany
1982 Spain
1999 Hungary, Poland
2004 Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia
2009 Albania, Croatia,
2017 Montenegro
2020 North-Macedonia
2023 Finland
2024 Sweden
How powerful is the EU as a political system
• How question = decision making
• What question = competences
Deadly sins in the EU
• Council of the EU (the Council) ≠ European Council ≠ Council of Europe
• Benelux ≠ Benelux countries
• EMU = Economic & Monetary Union
• Regulation = verordening
directive = richtlijn
→ Hungary: only country to dismiss
European repression and
humanitarian help on Israël
→ Von der Leyen in the race for
second term
3
, 1. WHY IS THERE NO EUROPEAN ARMY YET?
EU → treaty history EU → crises history
• 1950: Schuman declaration • COE
o 1950-51-52: EGKS • EDC > NATO membership Germany
• 1951-54: EDC • British accession
• 1956-57-58: Rome • 1965-66: empty chair crisis
o EEG + Euratom • Monetary union
• 1985-86-87: SEA • Eurosclerose
• 1990-92-93: Maastricht • Referenda Maastricht, Nice, Constitutional
o 1991: EU-top Treaty
• 1996-97-99: Amsterdam • € crisis
• 200-01-03: Nice • Brexit
• 2007-09: Lisbon Treaty
European Integration
. Schuman declaration
- basis Europese integratie door de oprichting van een EGKS voor te stellen
- Ondertekend in Parijs in 1951 en in werking getreden in 1952
. European Defence Community
- Voorgesteld om Europese defensiemacht te integreren
- Stuitte op tegenstand
- Niet geratificeerd in French Assemblee in 1945
- 1951 - 1952 - 1954
. Treaties of Rome
- °EEC: to create a common market
- °EURATOM: cooperation on nuclear energy
- 1956 – 1957 - 1958
. SEA
- Maatregelen om interne markt te voltooien
- Samenwerking in andere tijdperken versterken
- 1985 – 1986 - 1987
. Maastricht Treaty
- °EU
- Kader voor monetaire unie
- 1990 – 1991 (top) – 1992 - 1993
. Amsterdam
- Streven naar hervorming EU-instellingen: voorbereiding op uitbreiding & verbetering v/d sa-
menwerking op gebieden als immigratie- & asielbeleid
- 1996 – 1997 - 1999
. Nice
- Gericht op institutionele hervorming om de uitbreiding v/d EU te vergemakkelijken, besluitvor-
mingsprocessen te stroomlijnen en herverdeling gewicht v/d stemmen onder de lidstaten
- 2000 – 2001 – 2003
. Convention & constitutional treaty
- stelde een grondwettelijk verdrag voor om EU v/e formele grondwet te voorzien
→ 2005: verworpen in referenda in FR & NL
- 2002 – 2004 » GW verdrag 2003 – 2004 – (2005)
. 2007-09: Lisbon Treaty
- Aangenomen ter vervanging van het mislukte Grondwettelijk Verdrag.
→ wijzigingen in EU-instellingen & processen om de efficiëntie & transparantie te verbeteren.
4
1945 – SUMMARY
STEVEN VAN HECKE; BA1-S2
INHOUD
Inhoud ................................................................................................................................................1
0.Introduction; Why Europe .................................................................................................................2
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................2
From Schuman to von der Leyen .....................................................................................................2
1.Why is there no European army yet?................................................................................................4
2.Why is the single market never fully realised .................................................................................. 15
inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.Why do the british want to set their own course .............................................................................. 22
inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.Why do we use the euro?............................................................................................................... 28
5.why do new countries keep joining ................................................................................................. 33
inleiding: frans-duitse as ................................................................................................................ 33
6.why does every crisis strengthen the eu? ....................................................................................... 38
lissabon als startpunt crisissen ...................................................................................................... 38
1
,0. INTRODUCTION; WHY EUROPE
ABBREVIATIONS
https://studygo.com/nl/learn/lists/176338414/abbreviations---european-integration-since-1945
FROM SCHUMAN TO VON DER LEYEN
EU: enlargement history
• Accession criteria: Copenhagen criteria
• Enlargement is probably the biggest success of the integration process
Schengen zone
= all EU countries (excl. Cyprus, Ireland, Bulgaria & Romania) + Liechtenstein, Norway, Iceland &
Switzerland
Schengen Agreement
= totstandbrenging Schengengebied zonder grenzen
Fiscaal Pact
= versterking v/d begrotingsdiscipline binnen de eurozone
3 perspectives
• Treaties (deepening)
• Geography / enlargement (enlargement and exit)
• Crises
2
,3 phases
1950 – 1990 1990 – 2016 2016 - …
Paradigma Koude Oorlog Post-Koude oorlog Nieuwe Koude oorlog
Wereldorde Pax Americana Globalisatie Strategische autonomie
Duitsland Westbindung Wiedervereinigung Zeitenwende
European Integratie Marktintegratie EMU + uitbreiding Geopolitiek
NATO countries
1949 Belgium, Netherlands, France, USA, UK, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg,
Canada, Portugal, Iceland, Italy
1952 Türkiye, Greece
1955 Germany
1982 Spain
1999 Hungary, Poland
2004 Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia
2009 Albania, Croatia,
2017 Montenegro
2020 North-Macedonia
2023 Finland
2024 Sweden
How powerful is the EU as a political system
• How question = decision making
• What question = competences
Deadly sins in the EU
• Council of the EU (the Council) ≠ European Council ≠ Council of Europe
• Benelux ≠ Benelux countries
• EMU = Economic & Monetary Union
• Regulation = verordening
directive = richtlijn
→ Hungary: only country to dismiss
European repression and
humanitarian help on Israël
→ Von der Leyen in the race for
second term
3
, 1. WHY IS THERE NO EUROPEAN ARMY YET?
EU → treaty history EU → crises history
• 1950: Schuman declaration • COE
o 1950-51-52: EGKS • EDC > NATO membership Germany
• 1951-54: EDC • British accession
• 1956-57-58: Rome • 1965-66: empty chair crisis
o EEG + Euratom • Monetary union
• 1985-86-87: SEA • Eurosclerose
• 1990-92-93: Maastricht • Referenda Maastricht, Nice, Constitutional
o 1991: EU-top Treaty
• 1996-97-99: Amsterdam • € crisis
• 200-01-03: Nice • Brexit
• 2007-09: Lisbon Treaty
European Integration
. Schuman declaration
- basis Europese integratie door de oprichting van een EGKS voor te stellen
- Ondertekend in Parijs in 1951 en in werking getreden in 1952
. European Defence Community
- Voorgesteld om Europese defensiemacht te integreren
- Stuitte op tegenstand
- Niet geratificeerd in French Assemblee in 1945
- 1951 - 1952 - 1954
. Treaties of Rome
- °EEC: to create a common market
- °EURATOM: cooperation on nuclear energy
- 1956 – 1957 - 1958
. SEA
- Maatregelen om interne markt te voltooien
- Samenwerking in andere tijdperken versterken
- 1985 – 1986 - 1987
. Maastricht Treaty
- °EU
- Kader voor monetaire unie
- 1990 – 1991 (top) – 1992 - 1993
. Amsterdam
- Streven naar hervorming EU-instellingen: voorbereiding op uitbreiding & verbetering v/d sa-
menwerking op gebieden als immigratie- & asielbeleid
- 1996 – 1997 - 1999
. Nice
- Gericht op institutionele hervorming om de uitbreiding v/d EU te vergemakkelijken, besluitvor-
mingsprocessen te stroomlijnen en herverdeling gewicht v/d stemmen onder de lidstaten
- 2000 – 2001 – 2003
. Convention & constitutional treaty
- stelde een grondwettelijk verdrag voor om EU v/e formele grondwet te voorzien
→ 2005: verworpen in referenda in FR & NL
- 2002 – 2004 » GW verdrag 2003 – 2004 – (2005)
. 2007-09: Lisbon Treaty
- Aangenomen ter vervanging van het mislukte Grondwettelijk Verdrag.
→ wijzigingen in EU-instellingen & processen om de efficiëntie & transparantie te verbeteren.
4
