Advanced pathophysiology exam questions and answers fully solved
1st line of immune protection - Answersphysical, mechanical, and biochemical
natural or innate protection - born with it
constant, nonspecific, localized protection
intact skin and mucus membranes as well as sweeping, flushing, and peristaltic actions
secretions such as mucus, bile, tears, and urine provide nonspecific protections
natural microbiome ("good" bacteria) - naturally occurring flora also provide protection
2nd line of immune protection - AnswersInflammatory response
natural or innate protection - born with it
immediate, nonspecific, localized protection at the site of invasion when 1st line of protection
breeched by injury or infection
includes white blood cells classified as phagocytes and other chemical mediators
3rd line of immune protection - Answerslymphocyte production
adaptive or acquired immune protection - not born with it
slow acting, specific, systemic response to back up 2nd line of defense
,Specialized WBC: lymphocytes - T-cells and natural killer cells - as well as other chemical
components
lymphocyte cells involved in 2nd line of immune response - Answersbasophils, eosinophils,
neutrophils, sometimes referred to as PMNs (polymorphonuclear).
Monocytes which become macrophages when they're actively involved in an immune response.
Mast cells which are a type of basophils that is typically not found circulating in the
bloodstream, but localized in our tissues.
chemical mediators - Answershistamine,
leukotrienes,
interleukins,
interferons,
kinins,
prostaglandins,
and complement.
purposes of inflammatory response - AnswersFirst of all, it walls off the causative agent to
restrict further tissue damage.
Cells as well as chemicals released during the inflammatory response act to destroy and remove
the causative agent.
These chemicals also stimulate and enhance further immune response.
And finally, the inflammatory response will also promote healing and the repair process.
2 types of inflammation - AnswersAcute:
a short-term response associated with all types of tissue injury.
,typically lasts less than two weeks.
Chronic:
his is long-term response associated with formation of scar tissue.
Chronic inflammation typically lasts more than two weeks.
vascular response of acute inflammation - AnswersInjury, or infection, triggers mast cells that
are located in our tissues, particularly in our skin, in our respiratory and GI mucosa, to
degranulate. And release chemicals including histamine which causes an immediate vascular
response:
It triggers constriction of large vessel walls. That causes an increased blood flow directed into
the capillaries. That increased flow of blood, which is also warm, causes the injured area to
become red and heat. And feel warm to the touch as well as possibly some itching at that
inflammatory site.
Histamine also triggers dilation of capillaries, and we see endothelial cell retraction. The cells
that make up the capillary walls start to pull apart from each other as the capillaries dilate. This
creates little tiny openings in the capillary wall, increasing the permeability, and fluid leakage
can occur that results in our third sign of inflammation, swelling or edema.
white blood cell response of acute inflammation - Answersmast cells also release a number of
other chemotactic factors that act as signals to bring other white blood cells to the area to help
amplify increase this inflammatory response.
in addition to the chemicals that they release, mast cells also contain enzymes that allow them
to synthesize even more chemical mediators from membrane phospholipids that are released
from damaged cells or even from the mast cell membranes themselves. One of the key
chemicals that is part of the cell membrane is something called arachidonic acid.
arachidonic acid - Answersas mast cells release enzymes, they can take the arachidonic acid and
convert it into things like leukotriene and prostaglandins.
, Leukotrienes and prostaglandins function very similar to histamine as capillary vaso dialators.
But they have a prolonged effect.
And prostaglandins also functions somewhat like a neurotransmitter in that it stimulates nerve
endings to give us our fourth symptom of inflammation, pain.
PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular patterns - AnswersAntigens: substances that trigger an
immune response
Antigens are large molecules usually proteins lipoproteins or glycoproteins that are foreign,
nonself to the host immune system, something that our white blood cells have not seen before.
The surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign proteins.
DAMPs, damaged-associated molecular patterns. - Answersmany proteins that are released
from inside of our cells when they're damaged are foreign, our white blood cells have not
experienced or been exposed to these proteins before.
PRRs, pattern recognition receptors, - Answerssurfaces of white blood cells contain special
receptor sites - pattern recognition receptors, that continually interact with any material they
encounter to identify it as self or non-self.
So upon recognition of tissue invasions, the mast cells degranulate, histamine release triggers
vasodilation.
diapedesis. - AnswersDia, to move across like the diameter of something, pedesis, to walk.
Circulating white blood cells, particularly the nutrifills are able to move across capillary walls in
large numbers through this process
chemotaxis. - Answerswhite blood cells move towards the antigen through this process
Directional migration of cells following the chemical gradient of those foreign proteins
phagocytosis. - Answersthe white blood cell response of inflammation,
1st line of immune protection - Answersphysical, mechanical, and biochemical
natural or innate protection - born with it
constant, nonspecific, localized protection
intact skin and mucus membranes as well as sweeping, flushing, and peristaltic actions
secretions such as mucus, bile, tears, and urine provide nonspecific protections
natural microbiome ("good" bacteria) - naturally occurring flora also provide protection
2nd line of immune protection - AnswersInflammatory response
natural or innate protection - born with it
immediate, nonspecific, localized protection at the site of invasion when 1st line of protection
breeched by injury or infection
includes white blood cells classified as phagocytes and other chemical mediators
3rd line of immune protection - Answerslymphocyte production
adaptive or acquired immune protection - not born with it
slow acting, specific, systemic response to back up 2nd line of defense
,Specialized WBC: lymphocytes - T-cells and natural killer cells - as well as other chemical
components
lymphocyte cells involved in 2nd line of immune response - Answersbasophils, eosinophils,
neutrophils, sometimes referred to as PMNs (polymorphonuclear).
Monocytes which become macrophages when they're actively involved in an immune response.
Mast cells which are a type of basophils that is typically not found circulating in the
bloodstream, but localized in our tissues.
chemical mediators - Answershistamine,
leukotrienes,
interleukins,
interferons,
kinins,
prostaglandins,
and complement.
purposes of inflammatory response - AnswersFirst of all, it walls off the causative agent to
restrict further tissue damage.
Cells as well as chemicals released during the inflammatory response act to destroy and remove
the causative agent.
These chemicals also stimulate and enhance further immune response.
And finally, the inflammatory response will also promote healing and the repair process.
2 types of inflammation - AnswersAcute:
a short-term response associated with all types of tissue injury.
,typically lasts less than two weeks.
Chronic:
his is long-term response associated with formation of scar tissue.
Chronic inflammation typically lasts more than two weeks.
vascular response of acute inflammation - AnswersInjury, or infection, triggers mast cells that
are located in our tissues, particularly in our skin, in our respiratory and GI mucosa, to
degranulate. And release chemicals including histamine which causes an immediate vascular
response:
It triggers constriction of large vessel walls. That causes an increased blood flow directed into
the capillaries. That increased flow of blood, which is also warm, causes the injured area to
become red and heat. And feel warm to the touch as well as possibly some itching at that
inflammatory site.
Histamine also triggers dilation of capillaries, and we see endothelial cell retraction. The cells
that make up the capillary walls start to pull apart from each other as the capillaries dilate. This
creates little tiny openings in the capillary wall, increasing the permeability, and fluid leakage
can occur that results in our third sign of inflammation, swelling or edema.
white blood cell response of acute inflammation - Answersmast cells also release a number of
other chemotactic factors that act as signals to bring other white blood cells to the area to help
amplify increase this inflammatory response.
in addition to the chemicals that they release, mast cells also contain enzymes that allow them
to synthesize even more chemical mediators from membrane phospholipids that are released
from damaged cells or even from the mast cell membranes themselves. One of the key
chemicals that is part of the cell membrane is something called arachidonic acid.
arachidonic acid - Answersas mast cells release enzymes, they can take the arachidonic acid and
convert it into things like leukotriene and prostaglandins.
, Leukotrienes and prostaglandins function very similar to histamine as capillary vaso dialators.
But they have a prolonged effect.
And prostaglandins also functions somewhat like a neurotransmitter in that it stimulates nerve
endings to give us our fourth symptom of inflammation, pain.
PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular patterns - AnswersAntigens: substances that trigger an
immune response
Antigens are large molecules usually proteins lipoproteins or glycoproteins that are foreign,
nonself to the host immune system, something that our white blood cells have not seen before.
The surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign proteins.
DAMPs, damaged-associated molecular patterns. - Answersmany proteins that are released
from inside of our cells when they're damaged are foreign, our white blood cells have not
experienced or been exposed to these proteins before.
PRRs, pattern recognition receptors, - Answerssurfaces of white blood cells contain special
receptor sites - pattern recognition receptors, that continually interact with any material they
encounter to identify it as self or non-self.
So upon recognition of tissue invasions, the mast cells degranulate, histamine release triggers
vasodilation.
diapedesis. - AnswersDia, to move across like the diameter of something, pedesis, to walk.
Circulating white blood cells, particularly the nutrifills are able to move across capillary walls in
large numbers through this process
chemotaxis. - Answerswhite blood cells move towards the antigen through this process
Directional migration of cells following the chemical gradient of those foreign proteins
phagocytosis. - Answersthe white blood cell response of inflammation,
