BIO 252 – Exam 4 – Human Anatomy & Physiology II – University Level
– Complete Study Guide with Correct answers
what organs compose the urinary system - correct answer 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the urinary
bladder and urethra
what are some functions of the kidneys - correct answer - filter blood plasma and excrete
metabolic toxic waste
- regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output
-regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance of body-fluids
-secretes the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells and
thus supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
-help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in calcitriol
synthesis
-they clear hormones and drugs from blood
-the detoxify free radicals
-they help to support the blood glucose levels under extreme conditions
waste - correct answer any substance that is useless to body or present in excess of the body's
needs
metabolic waste - correct answer a waste substance produced by the body
what are the four types of nitrogenous wastes - correct answer urea, ammonia, uric acid, and
creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - correct answer the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
an elevated BUN is called ______ - correct answer azotemia
Azotemia can progress to ____, which is a syndrome of nitrogenous waste toxicity - correct
answer uremia
excretion - correct answer a process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating
them from the body.
what four organ systems carry out excretion - correct answer respiratory, integumentary,
digestive, and urinary
___ system excretes CO2, small amounts of gases, and water - correct answer respiratory
,____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat - correct answer
integumentary
____ system eliminates food residue and excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, and bile pigments -
correct answer digestive
____ system excretes metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and
water - correct answer urinary
the surface of the kidnety has a concave slit called _____ which admits the renal nerves, blood
vessels, lymphatics, and ureter - correct answer hilum
what are the three protective layers of kidney - correct answer renal fascia, perirenal fat
capsule, fibrous capsule
A fibrous ____ binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall. - correct answer
renal fascia
____ is a layer of adipose tissue that cushions the kidney and holds it in place - correct answer
perirenal fat capsule
the ____ encloses the kidney ans protects the kidney from trauma and infection. - correct
answer fibrous capsule
renal parenchyma - correct answer glandular tissue that forms the urine
what are the two zones of the parenchyma - correct answer renal cortex and renal medulla
extensions of the renal cortex are called ___ - correct answer renal columns
the columns divide the kidney into _____ - correct answer renal pyramids
the blunt point of the renal pyramid is called ___ - correct answer renal papilla
the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a ____ which collects urine - correct
answer minor calyx
two or three minor calyces converge to form ____ - correct answer major calyx
two or three major calyces converge in the sinus to form ____ - correct answer renal pelvis
renal fraction - correct answer the kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output (more for
waste removal than for metabolic needs)
the renal artery divides into ____ arteries which divide into ____ arteries - correct answer
segmental; interlobar
the interlobar arteries branch to form ____ arteries which then branches into ___ arteries -
correct answer arcuate; cortical radiate
, the cortical radiate arteries give rise to _____ - correct answer afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a ___ - correct answer
nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of capillaries called _____. - correct answer glomerulus
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___- - correct answer efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _____ . It forms a network around a part of the
nephron called the renal tubule. - correct answer peritubular capillaries
what is the function of the renal tubule - correct answer it reabsorbs most of the water and
solutes that filtered out the blood at the glomerulus and returns these to the bloodstream by
way of the peritubular capillaries
what is another route the efferent arterioles can take - correct answer can lead to the vasa
recta
what are two principal parts of a nephron - correct answer renal corpuscle and renal tubule
______ filters the blood plasma and ______ converts the filtrate to urine - correct answer renal
corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal corpuscle consists of ____ and a two layered glomerular capsule that encloses it -
correct answer glomerulus
what type of cell makes up the inner layer of the glomerular capsule - correct answer
podocytes
the two layers of the glomerular capsule are separated by a filtrate- collecting space called ____
- correct answer capsular space
at the ___ pole, the afferent arteriole enters the capsule, bringing blood to the glomerulus, and
efferent arteriole leaves the capsule and carries blood away - correct answer vascular pole
At the __ pole the outer wall of the glomerular capsule turns away from the corpuscle and gives
rise to the renal tubule - correct answer urinary
the ___ is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary
pyramid - correct answer renal tubule
what are the four regions of the renal tubule - correct answer proximal convoluted tubule,
nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
true or false: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule are parts
of one nephron and the collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons - correct answer
true
– Complete Study Guide with Correct answers
what organs compose the urinary system - correct answer 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the urinary
bladder and urethra
what are some functions of the kidneys - correct answer - filter blood plasma and excrete
metabolic toxic waste
- regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output
-regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance of body-fluids
-secretes the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells and
thus supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
-help to regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in calcitriol
synthesis
-they clear hormones and drugs from blood
-the detoxify free radicals
-they help to support the blood glucose levels under extreme conditions
waste - correct answer any substance that is useless to body or present in excess of the body's
needs
metabolic waste - correct answer a waste substance produced by the body
what are the four types of nitrogenous wastes - correct answer urea, ammonia, uric acid, and
creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - correct answer the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood
an elevated BUN is called ______ - correct answer azotemia
Azotemia can progress to ____, which is a syndrome of nitrogenous waste toxicity - correct
answer uremia
excretion - correct answer a process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating
them from the body.
what four organ systems carry out excretion - correct answer respiratory, integumentary,
digestive, and urinary
___ system excretes CO2, small amounts of gases, and water - correct answer respiratory
,____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat - correct answer
integumentary
____ system eliminates food residue and excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, and bile pigments -
correct answer digestive
____ system excretes metabolic wastes, drugs, toxins, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and
water - correct answer urinary
the surface of the kidnety has a concave slit called _____ which admits the renal nerves, blood
vessels, lymphatics, and ureter - correct answer hilum
what are the three protective layers of kidney - correct answer renal fascia, perirenal fat
capsule, fibrous capsule
A fibrous ____ binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall. - correct answer
renal fascia
____ is a layer of adipose tissue that cushions the kidney and holds it in place - correct answer
perirenal fat capsule
the ____ encloses the kidney ans protects the kidney from trauma and infection. - correct
answer fibrous capsule
renal parenchyma - correct answer glandular tissue that forms the urine
what are the two zones of the parenchyma - correct answer renal cortex and renal medulla
extensions of the renal cortex are called ___ - correct answer renal columns
the columns divide the kidney into _____ - correct answer renal pyramids
the blunt point of the renal pyramid is called ___ - correct answer renal papilla
the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a ____ which collects urine - correct
answer minor calyx
two or three minor calyces converge to form ____ - correct answer major calyx
two or three major calyces converge in the sinus to form ____ - correct answer renal pelvis
renal fraction - correct answer the kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output (more for
waste removal than for metabolic needs)
the renal artery divides into ____ arteries which divide into ____ arteries - correct answer
segmental; interlobar
the interlobar arteries branch to form ____ arteries which then branches into ___ arteries -
correct answer arcuate; cortical radiate
, the cortical radiate arteries give rise to _____ - correct answer afferent arterioles
each afferent arteriole supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a ___ - correct answer
nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of capillaries called _____. - correct answer glomerulus
blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___- - correct answer efferent arteriole
the efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _____ . It forms a network around a part of the
nephron called the renal tubule. - correct answer peritubular capillaries
what is the function of the renal tubule - correct answer it reabsorbs most of the water and
solutes that filtered out the blood at the glomerulus and returns these to the bloodstream by
way of the peritubular capillaries
what is another route the efferent arterioles can take - correct answer can lead to the vasa
recta
what are two principal parts of a nephron - correct answer renal corpuscle and renal tubule
______ filters the blood plasma and ______ converts the filtrate to urine - correct answer renal
corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal corpuscle consists of ____ and a two layered glomerular capsule that encloses it -
correct answer glomerulus
what type of cell makes up the inner layer of the glomerular capsule - correct answer
podocytes
the two layers of the glomerular capsule are separated by a filtrate- collecting space called ____
- correct answer capsular space
at the ___ pole, the afferent arteriole enters the capsule, bringing blood to the glomerulus, and
efferent arteriole leaves the capsule and carries blood away - correct answer vascular pole
At the __ pole the outer wall of the glomerular capsule turns away from the corpuscle and gives
rise to the renal tubule - correct answer urinary
the ___ is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary
pyramid - correct answer renal tubule
what are the four regions of the renal tubule - correct answer proximal convoluted tubule,
nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
true or false: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule are parts
of one nephron and the collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons - correct answer
true
