FULL TEST BANK
TEST BANK FOR JANEWAY'S
IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY
KENNETH MURPHY; CASEY WEAVER
PRINTED PDF | ORIGINAL DIRECTLY FROM THE PUBLISHER | 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | DOWNLOAD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ORDER
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 01. Basic Concepts In Immunology 1
Chapter 02. Innate Immunity The First Lines Of Defense 21
Chapter 03. The Induced Responses Of Innate Immunity 40
Chapter 04. Antigen Recognition By B-Cell And T-Cell Receptors 62
Chapter 05. The Generation Of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors 78
Chapter 06. Antigen Presentation To T Lymphocytes 99
Chapter 07. Lymphocyte Receptor Signaling 121
Chapter 08. The Development Of B And T Lymphocytes 142
Chapter 09. T-Cell-Mediated Immunity 165
Chapter 10. The Humoral Immune Response 188
Chapter 11. Integrated Dynamics Of Innate And Adaptive Immunity 207
Chapter 12. The Mucosal Immune System 227
Chapter 13. Failures Of Host Defense Mechanisms 244
Chapter 14. Allergy And Allergic Diseases 272
Chapter 15. Autoimmunity And Transplantation 290
Chapter 16. Manipulation Of The Immune Response 314
, JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The Origins Of Vertebrate Immune Cells
1.1 Multiple Choice: In Patients With Lymphomas, The Cancer Cells Invade The Bone
Marrow And Destroy The Environment Required For Normal Hematopoiesis. This
Leads To Bone Marrow Failure, Which Disrupts The Production Of Hematopoietic Cell
Lineages. All Of The Following Cell Types Would Be Affected By This EXCEPT:
A. Red Blood Cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial Cells
E. Ranulocytes
Principles Of Innate Immunity
1-1 Commensal Organisms Cause Little Host Damage While Pathogens Damage
Host Tissues By A Variety Of Mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our Immune System Efficiently Kills All Categories Of Microbes That
Attempt To Colonize Our Bodies.
1.3 Short Answer: Pathogenic Organisms Cause Damage To The Host By A Variety Of
Mechanisms, Depending On T h e wc w
a twe g.Otr ybosf mt h.Ewpsa t h o g e n And Its Mode Of
Replication In
The Host. Give An Example Of Two Different Types Of Pathogens That Are Unlikely To
Be Dealt With By The Same Mechanism Of Immune Protection.
1-2 Anatomic And Chemical Barriers Are The First Defense Against Pathogens
1.4 Multiple Choice: The Skin And Bodily Secretions Provide The First Line Of Defense
Against Infection. One Response In This Category That Is Common During Upper
Respiratory Virus Infections Is:
A. Production Of Antibodies
B. Infiltration By White Blood Cells
C. Mucus Production
D. Increased Saliva Production
E. Fever
1-3 The Immune System Is Activated By Inflammatory Inducers That Indicate The
Presence Of Pathogens Or Tissue Damage
1.5 Short Answer: A Common Mechanism By Which Sensor Cells In The Host Detect
Micro- Organisms Relies On The Production Of Unique Microbial Components Not
Found In The Host. Propose A Strategy By Which A Clever Microbe Could Evade This
Type Of Response.
1.6 Multiple Choice: Adaptive Immune Responses Are Slow To Develop, Taking Days To
Weeks After Exposure To Reach Their Peak. However, These Responses Are More
Specific Than Innate Responses, And Also Generate Immunological Memory. These
Latter Features,
1|PAGE
, Which Provide Enhanced Protection Upon Re-Infection With The Same Pathogen, Are
The Basis Of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic Shock
D. Complement Activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The Myeloid Lineage Comprises Most Of The Cells Of The Innate Immune System
1.7 True/False: In The Absence Of An Infection, Most Granulocytes (Neutrophils,
Eosinophils, Basophils) Are Found Circulating In The Blood, Whereas Other Subsets Of
Myeloid Cells Reside In Tissues.
1.8 Short Answer: Dendritic Cells Are Phagocytic, But Also Capable Of Ingesting Large
Amounts Of Extracellular Fluid And Its Contents, A Process Known As
Macropinocytosis. What Specialized Function Do Dendritic Cells Have In Immunity That
Might Account For Their Need To Perform Macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor Cells Express Pattern Recognition Receptors That Provide An
Initial Discrimination Between Self And Nonself
1.9 Multiple Choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (Prrs) Recognize Nucleic Acids,
Like RNA Or DNA. Since Our Own Cells Contain Human RNA And DNA, The Activation
Of Innate Immune Pathways By These Prrs Must Rely On Additional Criteria To
Discriminate
Self From Nonself. Additional Crit w
e rw
iawin.Ct
lub
desm
e v.Ew
rysthing EXCEPT:
A. The Subcellular Location Of The RNA
B. The Presence Of Adenosine Residues In Viral RNA
C. The Methylation State Of The DNA
D. Unique Structures Found On Viral RNA
E. The Subcellular Location Of The DNA
1-6 Sensor Cells Induce An Inflammatory Response By Producing Mediators Such
As Chemokines And Cytokines
1.10 Multiple Choice: When Macrophages In A Tissue Encounter Bacteria, They Release
Cytokines That Induce An Inflammatory Response. These Cytokines Act On Other
Immune Cells, To Recruit Them To The Site Of Infection And To Enhance Their
Activities. In Addition, These Cytokines Act On The Endothelial Cells Of The Blood
Vessel Wall To:
A. Increase Their Permeability, Allowing Fluid And Proteins To Leak Into The Tissue
B. Solidify The Tight Junctions To Prevent The Bacteria From Entering The Blood
C. Proliferate, Allowing The Blood Vessel To Enlarge
D. Up-Regulate Microbicidal Mechanisms, So They Can Kill Bacteria
E. Secrete Anti-Microbial Peptides
1.11 Short Answer: A Common Characteristic Of A Site Of Infection, Such As A Pimple
On The Skin, Is Pus. What Is Responsible For The White Color Of Pus?
1-7 Innate Lymphocytes And Natural Killer Cells Are Effector Cells That Share
Similarities With Lymphoid Lineages Of The Adaptive Immune System
2|PAGE
,1.12 True/False: Innate Lymphoid Cells And NK Cells Are Effector Cells That Respond
Rapidly After Encountering A Pathogen. Several Different Subsets Of Innate Lymphoid
Cells Exist, And Each Is Specialized To Respond To A Category Of Pathogen (E.G.,
Viruses, Extracellular Bacteria, Helminthic Parasites, Etc). Innate Lymphoid Cells
Reside Primarily In Tissues Such As The Lungs, The Lining Of The Gastrointestinal
Tract, And The Skin, Because These Sites Represent The Major Routes Of Entry Of
Pathogens Into The Body.
Principles Of Adaptive Immunity
1-8 The Interaction Of Antigens With Antigen Receptors Induces Lymphocytes To
Acquire Effector And Memory Activity
1.13 Short Answer: Most B And T Lymphocytes In The Circulation Appear As Small,
Inactive Cells, With Little Cytoplasm, Few Cytoplasmic Organelles, And Nuclei
Containing Condensed Inactive Chromatin. Yet These Cells Comprise The Adaptive
Immune Response, Without Which Individuals Die In Infancy. What Is The Explanation
For This Apparent Dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple Choice: Given The Enormous Heterogeneity Of Antigen Receptors Expressed
On The Populations Of Naive B And T Lymphocytes, The Adaptive Immune Response
Relies On A Process Whereby The Rare Lymphocyte That Binds To The Antigen Is First
Induced To Proliferate, Before It Can Perform Its Effector Function. For B Cells, There Is
A Clever Mechanism That Ensures That The Specificity Of The Antibody Secreted By
The Plasma Cell Will Recognize The Same Pathogen That Initially Stimulated The B Cell
Antigen Receptor And Induced B Cell Proliferation. This Mechanism Is:
A. The Naive B Cell Expresses An Array Of Different B Cell Antigen Receptors,
And Randomly Chooses Wh i c hwswpwe c.I fti cbi t ys omf .Aw
n ts
i b o d y To Secrete As A
Plasma Cell.
B. The Naive B Cell Expresses A Single Specificity Of B Cell Antigen Receptor,
And Then Up-Regulates The Expression Of This Receptor So It Can Bind
Tightly To The Pathogen.
C. The Plasma Cell Proliferates After It Has Finished Secreting Antibody To
Generate More Plasma Cells With Specificity For The Pathogen.
D. The Plasma Cell Traps Secreted Antibody Molecules In Its Extracellular Matrix
And Uses These Antibodies To Bind To The Pathogen.
E. The Naive B Cell Expresses A Membrane-Bound Form Of The Antibody As A
Receptor, And Secretes That Same Antibody When It Differentiates Into A
Plasma Cell.
1.15 Multiple Choice: Unlike B Lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes Do Not Generate A Secreted
Form Of Their Antigen Receptor After They Are Activated And Proliferate. This Is
Because The Effector Functions Of T Cells Are Restricted To:
A. Responses Important In Protozoan Infections, But Not Other Types Of Infections
B. Interactions With Large Helminthic Parasites, Which Cannot Be Phagocytosed
C. Interactions With Other Cells, Such As Virus-Infected Cells Or Other Immune Cells
D. Responses Important In Mucosal Surfaces (E.G., The Lung), Where
Antibodies Cannot Go
E. Stimulating B Cells And Not Any Other Types Of Cells
1-9 Antibodies And T-Cell Receptors Are Composed Of Constant And Variable Regions
That Provide Distinct Functions
, 3|PAGE
1.16 Short Answer: The Antibody Protein Is Often Depicted As An Uppercase Letter Y, With
The Two Variable Regions (Antigen-Binding Domains) Pointing Up, And The Stem
Consisting Of The Fc Region (Constant Domain). An Analogy Has Been Made Between
An Antibody Protein And A Guided Missile, With One Type Of Antibody Domain
Functioning As The Guidance System, And The Other Type Of Domain As The
‗Payload.‘ Which Antibody Domain Serves As The Guidance System, And Which As The
Payload? Explain Your Answer.
1-10 Antibodies And T-Cell Receptors Recognize Antigens By Fundamentally
Different Mechanisms
1.17 Multiple Choice: The Antigen Receptor On A T Cell Recognizes A Degraded Fragment
Of A Protein (I.E., A Peptide) Bound To A Specialized Cell Surface Peptide-Binding
Receptor Called An MHC Molecule. One Key Aspect Of This System Is That The
Peptides Displayed On MHC Molecules Can Be Derived From Intracellular Proteins.
This Mode Of Antigen Recognition Is Particularly Important In Allowing The Adaptive
Immune Response To Detect Infections By:
A. Large Helminthic Parasites In The Gastrointestinal Tract
B. Intracellular Pathogens, Such As Viruses And Some Protozoa
C. Extracellular Bacteria That Colonize The Lungs
D. Fungi That Form Hyphae In The Bronchial Airways
E. Fungal Infections In The Skin Epithelium
1-11 Antigen-Receptor Genes Are Assembled By Somatic Gene
Rearrangements Of Incomplete Receptor Gene Segments
1.18 Short Answer: In The 1970s, Imw mwuw
no.Lotgb
iss
tsmd.Isw
cosvered The Genetic Mechanism
Allowing A Population Of B Cells To Produce An Enormous Diversity Of Different
Antibodies. At The
Time, This Discovery Shocked The Field Of Biology, As It Called Into Question The
‗Immutable‘ Nature Of DNA, Which Was Known To Be The Genetic Material Transmitted
From Generation To Generation During The Propagation Of The Species. Briefly
Describe This Startling Mechanism.
1-12 Lymphocytes Activated By Antigen Give Rise To Clones Of Antigen-Specific
Effector Cells That Mediate Adaptive Immunity
1.19 True/False: For Cells Of The Innate Immune System, Each Individual Cell Has Multiple
Pattern Recognition Receptors, And Can Recognize Many Different Pathogens. In
Contrast, Cells Of The Adaptive Immune System Each Express Only A Single Antigen
Receptor, And Have A Single Specificity For Pathogen Recognition.
1.20 Multiple Choice: The Clonal Selection Theory Was First Proposed In The 1950s,
Decades Before The Molecular Details Of B And T Lymphocyte Development And
Lymphocyte Antigen Recognition Responses Were Elucidated. Nonetheless, Burnet,
Who Proposed This Theory, Correctly Inferred Several Key Aspects Of Adaptive
Immune Responses. One Key Postulate That Burnet Proposed Was That:
A. Cells Of The Innate Immune System Are Distinct From Those Of The
Adaptive Immune System.
B. Cells Of The Adaptive Immune System Are Generated From A
Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell That Resides In The Bone
Marrow.
C. B And T Lymphocytes Are Closely Related Cells That Have Distinct Properties
From Myeloid Cells.
, D. Circulating Antibodies Are Generated By Many Different Antibody-Secreting
Cells, Each Of Which Expresses A Single Type Of Antibody On Its Surface As
A Receptor.
E. Antibodies Binding To Pathogens Lead To Efficient Pathogen
Clearance By Phagocytic Cells.
1-13 Lymphocytes With Self-Reactive Receptors Are Normally Eliminated
During Development Or Are Functionally Inactivated
1.21 Multiple Choice: The Pattern Recognition Receptors On Cells Of The Innate Immune
System Are Genetically Encoded, Meaning That Their Sequences And Specificities Are
Determined Prior To The Development Of The Individual. In Contrast, The Antigen
Receptors Of B And T Lymphocytes Arise From A Random Rearrangement Process
That Occurs Differently In Each Lymphocyte As It Develops. One Potential Problem
Entailed By The Random Process That Generates Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors Is
The Possibility That:
A. Some Antigen Receptors Might Recognize The Individuals On Cells Or Antigens
B. Many Lymphocytes Might Generate Antigen Receptors That Don‘t
Recognize Anything
C. Many Lymphocytes Might Generate Antigen Receptors That Recognize
Multiple Different Pathogens
D. Some Antigen Receptors Might Recognize Foreign Tissues And Lead To
Graft Rejection During Organ Transplantation
E. Some Lymphocytes Might Not Generate Functional Antigen Receptor Proteins
1-14 Lymphocytes Mature In The Bone Marrow Or The Thymus And Then
Congregate In Lymphoid Tissues Throughout The Body
1.22 Multiple Choice: Secondary (Or Peripheral) Lymphoid Organs Are Sites For Initiation Of
Adaptive Immune Responses. Given The Rarity Of Lymphocytes Specific For Any
Given Antigen And The Vast Amount Of Body Tissue That Must Be Protected, The
System Of Secondary Lymphoid Tissues Is Efficient Because:
A. It Concentrates Antigens In Centralized Locations For Rare
Lymphocytes To Encounter
B. It Provides The Optimal Environment For The Rapid Proliferation Of Lymphocytes
C. It Traps The Pathogens And Antigens In A Contained Environment So They
Cannot Spread To Other Tissues In The Body
D. It Helps The Innate Immune Cells Eliminate The Infection By Using Lymphatic
Fluid To Drain Pathogens From The Infected Tissue
E. It Filters The Lymph Fluid And Removes Pathogenic Organisms Before They Can
Enter The Bloodstream
1-15 Adaptive Immune Responses Are Initiated By Antigen And Antigen-Presenting Cells
In Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
1.23 Short Answer: Dendritic Cells, Also Called ‗Antigen-Presenting-Cells‘ Are Considered
The Bridge Between The Innate And The Adaptive Immune Responses. Describe Two
Key Features Of Dendritic Cells That Are Essential For Them To Provide This Bridging
Function.
1-16 Lymphocytes Encounter And Respond To Antigen In The Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
1.24 Multiple Choice: Lymph Nodes Function As Meeting Points Between Antigen-Bearing
Dendritic Cells Arriving From The Tissue And Recirculating B And T Lymphocytes.
Whereas
, The Dendritic Cells Coming From The Tissue Enter The Lymph Node Via The Afferent
Lymphatic Vessels, The Recirculating Lymphocytes Enter The Lymph Node:
A. Also From The Lymph Fluid Draining The Tissue
B. Directly From Their Primary Lymphoid Organ Where They Develop
C. From The Blood By Crossing The High Endothelial Venules
D. By Being Trapped In The Lymphoid Follicle By Resident Macrophages
E. By Being Carried There By Dendritic Cells
1.25 True/False: The Spleen Is A Secondary Lymphoid Organ That Performs Several
Functions. In Addition To Its Role As A Site For Initiating Adaptive Immune Responses,
The Spleen Is Important In Removing Dead Or Damaged Red Blood Cells From The
Circulation. Its Immune Function Is Important Because Blood-Borne Pathogens Will Not
Be Transported To Draining Lymph Nodes Via The Lymph Fluid.
1.26 Multiple Choice: An Infant With Recurrent Bacterial And Fungal Infections Is Suspected
To Have An Immunodeficiency Disease. Within Two Days After Exposure To A
Pathogen, The Organisms Have Proliferated To Dangerous Levels Requiring Immediate
Systemic Antibiotic Treatment. It Is Unlikely That This Infant Has A Defect In B Or T
Lymphocyte Responses To The Infection Because:
A. Bacteria And Fungi Do Not Require B Cell Or T Cell Responses For Their Clearance.
B. Bacteria And Fungi Are Not Efficiently Transported To Draining Lymph
Nodes To Initiate Adaptive Immune Responses.
C. Systemic Infections Of Bacteria And Fungi Are Usually Cleared By The Spleen.
D. The Defective Immune Response Occurs Too Rapidly Following Infection To
Be Due To A Defect In B Or T Lymphocytes Responses.
E. Adaptive Immune R e s p o nwswe w
s. Retqubirsemd.Enwdsritic Cells To Take Up And
Degrade Pathogens.
1-17 Mucosal Surfaces Have Specialized Immune Structures That Orchestrate
Responses To Environmental Microbial Encounters
1.27 Multiple Choice: The Mucosal Tissues Of The Body Have Their Own Unique Set Of
Immune Structures That Function As Sites For Initiating Adaptive Immune Responses.
The Necessity For Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues To Have Unique Cell Types
(M Cells) And Structures Is Because:
A. The Mucous Layer Lining Mucosal Surfaces Makes It Difficult For Normal
Antigen- Presenting Cells To Function.
B. The Epithelial Surfaces That Line The Gut, Lungs, And Nasal Passages
Prevent Antigen-Presenting Cells From Accessing Microbes And Microbial
Products.
C. The Epithelial Cells Found In Mucosal Tissues Are Distinct From Those That
Provide Barrier Functions To The Skin.
D. Mucosal Sites, Where Most Pathogens Access The Body, Are Exposed To
Vast Numbers Of Diverse Microbes.
E. Mucosal Tissues Lack Innate Sensor Cells That Can Respond To Pamps And
Provide Short-Term Innate Immune Protection.
1-18 Lymphocytes Activated By Antigen Proliferate In The Peripheral Lymphoid
Organs, Generating Effector Cells And Immunological Memory
1.28 Multiple Choice: The Best Evidence Supporting The Concept Of Immunological
Memory Is:
6|PAGE
, A. The Increased Numbers Of Antigen Receptors Expressed By Lymphocytes
After Primary Exposure To An Antigen
B. The Increased Levels Of Cytokines Made By Lymphocytes After Primary
Exposure To An Antigen
C. The Increased Rapidity And Magnitude Of The Secondary Response To The
Same Antigen
D. The Increased Swelling Of Lymph Nodes During The Secondary Response
To The Same Antigen
E. The Long Lifespan Of Vertebrates, Which Would Be Impossible
Without Immunological Memory
1.29 True/False: One Factor That Contributes To The Enhanced Secondary Response
To An Antigen Is The Increased Number Of Antigen-Specific Lymphocytes Present
After The Primary Response; These Are Known As Memory Cells.
1.30 Multiple Choice: Naive B And T Lymphocytes Are Small, Quiescent Cells With Little
Cytoplasm And Low Metabolic Activity. Yet Within Hours After Being Activated
Following Encounter With Their Antigen, These Cells Enlarge And Up-Regulate Many
Biosynthetic And Metabolic Pathways. Approximately One Day Later, The Cells Begin
Dividing, And For Several Days They Are The Most Rapidly Dividing Cells In The Body,
Undergoing 2–4 Rounds Of Cell Division Every Day. In Order To Maintain This
Phenomenal Rate Of Cell Division, Lymphoblasts Must:
A. Use The Large Energy Stores Accumulated By Them When They Were
Naive Quiescent Cells Prior To Their Activation
B. Engulf Their Neighboring Small Quiescent Lymphocytes In Order To Take Their Lipids
And Proteins For Raw M a twe w
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C. Up-Regulate Synthesis Of Mrna And Proteins, Some Of Which Encode For Glucose
Transporters And Enzymes Used For Glycolysis
D. Phagocytose Extracellular Proteins And Lipids And Degrade Them For
Energy Production
E. Macropinocytose Metabolites And Sugars From The Blood For Use In Glycolysis
The Effector Mechanisms Of Immunity
1-19 Innate Immune Responses Can Select From Several Effector Modules To
Protect Against Different Types Of Pathogens
1.31 Short Answer: The Effector Activities Important In Eliminating Infectious Organisms
From Our Bodies Can Be Categorized Into Four Different Groups: Cytotoxicity,
Intracellular Immunity, Mucosal And Barrier Immunity, And Extracellular Immunity. Briefly
Describe Why The Immune System Requires Four Different Effector Modules For
Maximum Protection.
1.32 Multiple Choice: Several Subsets Of Innate Lymphoid Cells (Ilcs) Have Been Identified
That Share Their Patterns Of Cytokine Production With The Known Subsets Of T Cells.
The Combined Activity Of Related ILC And T Cell Subsets Is Effective In Eradicating
Pathogenic Infections Because:
A. Ilcs Cannot Kill The Pathogen, Whereas The Antigen-Specific T Cells Can Kill
The Pathogen.
7|PAGE
, B. The Early Response Of Ilcs That Reside At The Site Of Infection Is Followed By
The Later More Robust Response Of Pathogen-Specific T Cells That Migrate To
The Site Of Infection.
C. The Ilcs Activate B Cells To Induce Antibody Responses Whereas The T Cells
Are Able To Directly Eliminate The Pathogen.
D. The Ilcs Are Induced To Migrate From The Site Of Infection To The Draining
Lymph Nodes Where They Activate The Antigen-Specific T Cells.
E. The Ilcs Are Activated To Secrete Antimicrobial Compounds Which Cause Them
To Lyse, Releasing RNA And DNA That Act On T Cells To Stimulate T Cell
Cytotoxic Activities.
1-20 Antibodies Protect Against Extracellular Pathogens And Their Toxic Products
1.33 Multiple Choice: The Majority Of Vaccines Work By Eliciting Pathogen-Specific
Antibodies That Circulate In Our Bodies And Protect Us In The Event That We Are Later
Exposed To That Specific Pathogen. For Most Viruses And Bacterial Toxins That We
Are Vaccinated Against, These Pre-Existing Antibodies Are Protective Because:
A. They Neutralize The Virus Or Toxin, Preventing It From Attaching To And
Entering Our Cells.
B. They Bind To The Virus Or Toxin And Carry It To The Liver Where It Can Be Degraded.
C. They Bind To The Virus Or Toxin And Directly Induce Lysis.
D. They Induce Mucus Production That Helps Flush The Toxin Or Virus Out Of The Body.
E. They Bind To Epithelial Cells And Induce The Production Of Antimicrobial Peptides.
1.34 Multiple Choice: When Complement Proteins Are Covalently Deposited Onto The Surface
Of A Bacterium, This Can Som et imwewswle.Atd bt osdmir.Ecwt sl ysis Of The Bacterium. However,
More Commonly, The Deposition Of Complement Proteins Onto The Bacterial Surface
Does Not
Directly Harm The Bacterium. Instead, These Complement Proteins Aid In
Bacterial Elimination By:
A. Recruiting Antibodies To The Bacterial Surface, Leading The Antibody-
Dependent Neutralization
B. Providing A Mechanism For Phagocytes To Use Their Fc Receptors To
Recognize And Ingest The Bacterium
C. Cross-Linking Carbohydrate Structures On The Bacterial Surface,
Thereby Preventing The Bacterium From Replicating
D. Stimulating B Lymphocytes To Produce More Antibodies Against The Bacterium
E. Providing A Mechanism For Phagocytes Bearing Complement Receptors
To Recognize And Ingest The Bacterium
1-21 T Cells Orchestrate Cell-Mediated Immunity And Regulate B-Cell Responses To
Most Antigens
1.35 Short Answer: T Cells Expressing The Co-Receptor CD8 Are Generally Cytotoxic Cells,
With An Important Function In Eliminating Virus Infections That Can Occur In Many
Different Cell Types And Tissues. In Contrast, CD4 T Cells Directly Interact With A Very
Restricted Set Of Cells, Such As Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, And B Cells. Describe
One Important Mechanism That Accounts For This Division Of Labor Between CD8 And
CD4 T Cells.
1.36 True/False: TH1, TH2, TH17, And T Follicular Helper (TFH) Cells Represent Four Different
Subsets Of CD4 Effector Cells. Each Of These Subsets Produces A Distinct Set Of
Cytokines When Stimulated, That In Turn, Act To Mobilize Distinct Immune Effector
Mechanisms. While
TEST BANK FOR JANEWAY'S
IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY
KENNETH MURPHY; CASEY WEAVER
PRINTED PDF | ORIGINAL DIRECTLY FROM THE PUBLISHER | 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS | DOWNLOAD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ORDER
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 01. Basic Concepts In Immunology 1
Chapter 02. Innate Immunity The First Lines Of Defense 21
Chapter 03. The Induced Responses Of Innate Immunity 40
Chapter 04. Antigen Recognition By B-Cell And T-Cell Receptors 62
Chapter 05. The Generation Of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors 78
Chapter 06. Antigen Presentation To T Lymphocytes 99
Chapter 07. Lymphocyte Receptor Signaling 121
Chapter 08. The Development Of B And T Lymphocytes 142
Chapter 09. T-Cell-Mediated Immunity 165
Chapter 10. The Humoral Immune Response 188
Chapter 11. Integrated Dynamics Of Innate And Adaptive Immunity 207
Chapter 12. The Mucosal Immune System 227
Chapter 13. Failures Of Host Defense Mechanisms 244
Chapter 14. Allergy And Allergic Diseases 272
Chapter 15. Autoimmunity And Transplantation 290
Chapter 16. Manipulation Of The Immune Response 314
, JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
The Origins Of Vertebrate Immune Cells
1.1 Multiple Choice: In Patients With Lymphomas, The Cancer Cells Invade The Bone
Marrow And Destroy The Environment Required For Normal Hematopoiesis. This
Leads To Bone Marrow Failure, Which Disrupts The Production Of Hematopoietic Cell
Lineages. All Of The Following Cell Types Would Be Affected By This EXCEPT:
A. Red Blood Cells
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Endothelial Cells
E. Ranulocytes
Principles Of Innate Immunity
1-1 Commensal Organisms Cause Little Host Damage While Pathogens Damage
Host Tissues By A Variety Of Mechanisms
1.2 True/False: Our Immune System Efficiently Kills All Categories Of Microbes That
Attempt To Colonize Our Bodies.
1.3 Short Answer: Pathogenic Organisms Cause Damage To The Host By A Variety Of
Mechanisms, Depending On T h e wc w
a twe g.Otr ybosf mt h.Ewpsa t h o g e n And Its Mode Of
Replication In
The Host. Give An Example Of Two Different Types Of Pathogens That Are Unlikely To
Be Dealt With By The Same Mechanism Of Immune Protection.
1-2 Anatomic And Chemical Barriers Are The First Defense Against Pathogens
1.4 Multiple Choice: The Skin And Bodily Secretions Provide The First Line Of Defense
Against Infection. One Response In This Category That Is Common During Upper
Respiratory Virus Infections Is:
A. Production Of Antibodies
B. Infiltration By White Blood Cells
C. Mucus Production
D. Increased Saliva Production
E. Fever
1-3 The Immune System Is Activated By Inflammatory Inducers That Indicate The
Presence Of Pathogens Or Tissue Damage
1.5 Short Answer: A Common Mechanism By Which Sensor Cells In The Host Detect
Micro- Organisms Relies On The Production Of Unique Microbial Components Not
Found In The Host. Propose A Strategy By Which A Clever Microbe Could Evade This
Type Of Response.
1.6 Multiple Choice: Adaptive Immune Responses Are Slow To Develop, Taking Days To
Weeks After Exposure To Reach Their Peak. However, These Responses Are More
Specific Than Innate Responses, And Also Generate Immunological Memory. These
Latter Features,
1|PAGE
, Which Provide Enhanced Protection Upon Re-Infection With The Same Pathogen, Are
The Basis Of:
A. Vaccines
B. Antibiotics
C. Systemic Shock
D. Complement Activation
E. Phagocytosis
1-4 The Myeloid Lineage Comprises Most Of The Cells Of The Innate Immune System
1.7 True/False: In The Absence Of An Infection, Most Granulocytes (Neutrophils,
Eosinophils, Basophils) Are Found Circulating In The Blood, Whereas Other Subsets Of
Myeloid Cells Reside In Tissues.
1.8 Short Answer: Dendritic Cells Are Phagocytic, But Also Capable Of Ingesting Large
Amounts Of Extracellular Fluid And Its Contents, A Process Known As
Macropinocytosis. What Specialized Function Do Dendritic Cells Have In Immunity That
Might Account For Their Need To Perform Macropinocytosis?
1-5 Sensor Cells Express Pattern Recognition Receptors That Provide An
Initial Discrimination Between Self And Nonself
1.9 Multiple Choice: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (Prrs) Recognize Nucleic Acids,
Like RNA Or DNA. Since Our Own Cells Contain Human RNA And DNA, The Activation
Of Innate Immune Pathways By These Prrs Must Rely On Additional Criteria To
Discriminate
Self From Nonself. Additional Crit w
e rw
iawin.Ct
lub
desm
e v.Ew
rysthing EXCEPT:
A. The Subcellular Location Of The RNA
B. The Presence Of Adenosine Residues In Viral RNA
C. The Methylation State Of The DNA
D. Unique Structures Found On Viral RNA
E. The Subcellular Location Of The DNA
1-6 Sensor Cells Induce An Inflammatory Response By Producing Mediators Such
As Chemokines And Cytokines
1.10 Multiple Choice: When Macrophages In A Tissue Encounter Bacteria, They Release
Cytokines That Induce An Inflammatory Response. These Cytokines Act On Other
Immune Cells, To Recruit Them To The Site Of Infection And To Enhance Their
Activities. In Addition, These Cytokines Act On The Endothelial Cells Of The Blood
Vessel Wall To:
A. Increase Their Permeability, Allowing Fluid And Proteins To Leak Into The Tissue
B. Solidify The Tight Junctions To Prevent The Bacteria From Entering The Blood
C. Proliferate, Allowing The Blood Vessel To Enlarge
D. Up-Regulate Microbicidal Mechanisms, So They Can Kill Bacteria
E. Secrete Anti-Microbial Peptides
1.11 Short Answer: A Common Characteristic Of A Site Of Infection, Such As A Pimple
On The Skin, Is Pus. What Is Responsible For The White Color Of Pus?
1-7 Innate Lymphocytes And Natural Killer Cells Are Effector Cells That Share
Similarities With Lymphoid Lineages Of The Adaptive Immune System
2|PAGE
,1.12 True/False: Innate Lymphoid Cells And NK Cells Are Effector Cells That Respond
Rapidly After Encountering A Pathogen. Several Different Subsets Of Innate Lymphoid
Cells Exist, And Each Is Specialized To Respond To A Category Of Pathogen (E.G.,
Viruses, Extracellular Bacteria, Helminthic Parasites, Etc). Innate Lymphoid Cells
Reside Primarily In Tissues Such As The Lungs, The Lining Of The Gastrointestinal
Tract, And The Skin, Because These Sites Represent The Major Routes Of Entry Of
Pathogens Into The Body.
Principles Of Adaptive Immunity
1-8 The Interaction Of Antigens With Antigen Receptors Induces Lymphocytes To
Acquire Effector And Memory Activity
1.13 Short Answer: Most B And T Lymphocytes In The Circulation Appear As Small,
Inactive Cells, With Little Cytoplasm, Few Cytoplasmic Organelles, And Nuclei
Containing Condensed Inactive Chromatin. Yet These Cells Comprise The Adaptive
Immune Response, Without Which Individuals Die In Infancy. What Is The Explanation
For This Apparent Dichotomy?
1.14 Multiple Choice: Given The Enormous Heterogeneity Of Antigen Receptors Expressed
On The Populations Of Naive B And T Lymphocytes, The Adaptive Immune Response
Relies On A Process Whereby The Rare Lymphocyte That Binds To The Antigen Is First
Induced To Proliferate, Before It Can Perform Its Effector Function. For B Cells, There Is
A Clever Mechanism That Ensures That The Specificity Of The Antibody Secreted By
The Plasma Cell Will Recognize The Same Pathogen That Initially Stimulated The B Cell
Antigen Receptor And Induced B Cell Proliferation. This Mechanism Is:
A. The Naive B Cell Expresses An Array Of Different B Cell Antigen Receptors,
And Randomly Chooses Wh i c hwswpwe c.I fti cbi t ys omf .Aw
n ts
i b o d y To Secrete As A
Plasma Cell.
B. The Naive B Cell Expresses A Single Specificity Of B Cell Antigen Receptor,
And Then Up-Regulates The Expression Of This Receptor So It Can Bind
Tightly To The Pathogen.
C. The Plasma Cell Proliferates After It Has Finished Secreting Antibody To
Generate More Plasma Cells With Specificity For The Pathogen.
D. The Plasma Cell Traps Secreted Antibody Molecules In Its Extracellular Matrix
And Uses These Antibodies To Bind To The Pathogen.
E. The Naive B Cell Expresses A Membrane-Bound Form Of The Antibody As A
Receptor, And Secretes That Same Antibody When It Differentiates Into A
Plasma Cell.
1.15 Multiple Choice: Unlike B Lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes Do Not Generate A Secreted
Form Of Their Antigen Receptor After They Are Activated And Proliferate. This Is
Because The Effector Functions Of T Cells Are Restricted To:
A. Responses Important In Protozoan Infections, But Not Other Types Of Infections
B. Interactions With Large Helminthic Parasites, Which Cannot Be Phagocytosed
C. Interactions With Other Cells, Such As Virus-Infected Cells Or Other Immune Cells
D. Responses Important In Mucosal Surfaces (E.G., The Lung), Where
Antibodies Cannot Go
E. Stimulating B Cells And Not Any Other Types Of Cells
1-9 Antibodies And T-Cell Receptors Are Composed Of Constant And Variable Regions
That Provide Distinct Functions
, 3|PAGE
1.16 Short Answer: The Antibody Protein Is Often Depicted As An Uppercase Letter Y, With
The Two Variable Regions (Antigen-Binding Domains) Pointing Up, And The Stem
Consisting Of The Fc Region (Constant Domain). An Analogy Has Been Made Between
An Antibody Protein And A Guided Missile, With One Type Of Antibody Domain
Functioning As The Guidance System, And The Other Type Of Domain As The
‗Payload.‘ Which Antibody Domain Serves As The Guidance System, And Which As The
Payload? Explain Your Answer.
1-10 Antibodies And T-Cell Receptors Recognize Antigens By Fundamentally
Different Mechanisms
1.17 Multiple Choice: The Antigen Receptor On A T Cell Recognizes A Degraded Fragment
Of A Protein (I.E., A Peptide) Bound To A Specialized Cell Surface Peptide-Binding
Receptor Called An MHC Molecule. One Key Aspect Of This System Is That The
Peptides Displayed On MHC Molecules Can Be Derived From Intracellular Proteins.
This Mode Of Antigen Recognition Is Particularly Important In Allowing The Adaptive
Immune Response To Detect Infections By:
A. Large Helminthic Parasites In The Gastrointestinal Tract
B. Intracellular Pathogens, Such As Viruses And Some Protozoa
C. Extracellular Bacteria That Colonize The Lungs
D. Fungi That Form Hyphae In The Bronchial Airways
E. Fungal Infections In The Skin Epithelium
1-11 Antigen-Receptor Genes Are Assembled By Somatic Gene
Rearrangements Of Incomplete Receptor Gene Segments
1.18 Short Answer: In The 1970s, Imw mwuw
no.Lotgb
iss
tsmd.Isw
cosvered The Genetic Mechanism
Allowing A Population Of B Cells To Produce An Enormous Diversity Of Different
Antibodies. At The
Time, This Discovery Shocked The Field Of Biology, As It Called Into Question The
‗Immutable‘ Nature Of DNA, Which Was Known To Be The Genetic Material Transmitted
From Generation To Generation During The Propagation Of The Species. Briefly
Describe This Startling Mechanism.
1-12 Lymphocytes Activated By Antigen Give Rise To Clones Of Antigen-Specific
Effector Cells That Mediate Adaptive Immunity
1.19 True/False: For Cells Of The Innate Immune System, Each Individual Cell Has Multiple
Pattern Recognition Receptors, And Can Recognize Many Different Pathogens. In
Contrast, Cells Of The Adaptive Immune System Each Express Only A Single Antigen
Receptor, And Have A Single Specificity For Pathogen Recognition.
1.20 Multiple Choice: The Clonal Selection Theory Was First Proposed In The 1950s,
Decades Before The Molecular Details Of B And T Lymphocyte Development And
Lymphocyte Antigen Recognition Responses Were Elucidated. Nonetheless, Burnet,
Who Proposed This Theory, Correctly Inferred Several Key Aspects Of Adaptive
Immune Responses. One Key Postulate That Burnet Proposed Was That:
A. Cells Of The Innate Immune System Are Distinct From Those Of The
Adaptive Immune System.
B. Cells Of The Adaptive Immune System Are Generated From A
Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell That Resides In The Bone
Marrow.
C. B And T Lymphocytes Are Closely Related Cells That Have Distinct Properties
From Myeloid Cells.
, D. Circulating Antibodies Are Generated By Many Different Antibody-Secreting
Cells, Each Of Which Expresses A Single Type Of Antibody On Its Surface As
A Receptor.
E. Antibodies Binding To Pathogens Lead To Efficient Pathogen
Clearance By Phagocytic Cells.
1-13 Lymphocytes With Self-Reactive Receptors Are Normally Eliminated
During Development Or Are Functionally Inactivated
1.21 Multiple Choice: The Pattern Recognition Receptors On Cells Of The Innate Immune
System Are Genetically Encoded, Meaning That Their Sequences And Specificities Are
Determined Prior To The Development Of The Individual. In Contrast, The Antigen
Receptors Of B And T Lymphocytes Arise From A Random Rearrangement Process
That Occurs Differently In Each Lymphocyte As It Develops. One Potential Problem
Entailed By The Random Process That Generates Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors Is
The Possibility That:
A. Some Antigen Receptors Might Recognize The Individuals On Cells Or Antigens
B. Many Lymphocytes Might Generate Antigen Receptors That Don‘t
Recognize Anything
C. Many Lymphocytes Might Generate Antigen Receptors That Recognize
Multiple Different Pathogens
D. Some Antigen Receptors Might Recognize Foreign Tissues And Lead To
Graft Rejection During Organ Transplantation
E. Some Lymphocytes Might Not Generate Functional Antigen Receptor Proteins
1-14 Lymphocytes Mature In The Bone Marrow Or The Thymus And Then
Congregate In Lymphoid Tissues Throughout The Body
1.22 Multiple Choice: Secondary (Or Peripheral) Lymphoid Organs Are Sites For Initiation Of
Adaptive Immune Responses. Given The Rarity Of Lymphocytes Specific For Any
Given Antigen And The Vast Amount Of Body Tissue That Must Be Protected, The
System Of Secondary Lymphoid Tissues Is Efficient Because:
A. It Concentrates Antigens In Centralized Locations For Rare
Lymphocytes To Encounter
B. It Provides The Optimal Environment For The Rapid Proliferation Of Lymphocytes
C. It Traps The Pathogens And Antigens In A Contained Environment So They
Cannot Spread To Other Tissues In The Body
D. It Helps The Innate Immune Cells Eliminate The Infection By Using Lymphatic
Fluid To Drain Pathogens From The Infected Tissue
E. It Filters The Lymph Fluid And Removes Pathogenic Organisms Before They Can
Enter The Bloodstream
1-15 Adaptive Immune Responses Are Initiated By Antigen And Antigen-Presenting Cells
In Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
1.23 Short Answer: Dendritic Cells, Also Called ‗Antigen-Presenting-Cells‘ Are Considered
The Bridge Between The Innate And The Adaptive Immune Responses. Describe Two
Key Features Of Dendritic Cells That Are Essential For Them To Provide This Bridging
Function.
1-16 Lymphocytes Encounter And Respond To Antigen In The Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
1.24 Multiple Choice: Lymph Nodes Function As Meeting Points Between Antigen-Bearing
Dendritic Cells Arriving From The Tissue And Recirculating B And T Lymphocytes.
Whereas
, The Dendritic Cells Coming From The Tissue Enter The Lymph Node Via The Afferent
Lymphatic Vessels, The Recirculating Lymphocytes Enter The Lymph Node:
A. Also From The Lymph Fluid Draining The Tissue
B. Directly From Their Primary Lymphoid Organ Where They Develop
C. From The Blood By Crossing The High Endothelial Venules
D. By Being Trapped In The Lymphoid Follicle By Resident Macrophages
E. By Being Carried There By Dendritic Cells
1.25 True/False: The Spleen Is A Secondary Lymphoid Organ That Performs Several
Functions. In Addition To Its Role As A Site For Initiating Adaptive Immune Responses,
The Spleen Is Important In Removing Dead Or Damaged Red Blood Cells From The
Circulation. Its Immune Function Is Important Because Blood-Borne Pathogens Will Not
Be Transported To Draining Lymph Nodes Via The Lymph Fluid.
1.26 Multiple Choice: An Infant With Recurrent Bacterial And Fungal Infections Is Suspected
To Have An Immunodeficiency Disease. Within Two Days After Exposure To A
Pathogen, The Organisms Have Proliferated To Dangerous Levels Requiring Immediate
Systemic Antibiotic Treatment. It Is Unlikely That This Infant Has A Defect In B Or T
Lymphocyte Responses To The Infection Because:
A. Bacteria And Fungi Do Not Require B Cell Or T Cell Responses For Their Clearance.
B. Bacteria And Fungi Are Not Efficiently Transported To Draining Lymph
Nodes To Initiate Adaptive Immune Responses.
C. Systemic Infections Of Bacteria And Fungi Are Usually Cleared By The Spleen.
D. The Defective Immune Response Occurs Too Rapidly Following Infection To
Be Due To A Defect In B Or T Lymphocytes Responses.
E. Adaptive Immune R e s p o nwswe w
s. Retqubirsemd.Enwdsritic Cells To Take Up And
Degrade Pathogens.
1-17 Mucosal Surfaces Have Specialized Immune Structures That Orchestrate
Responses To Environmental Microbial Encounters
1.27 Multiple Choice: The Mucosal Tissues Of The Body Have Their Own Unique Set Of
Immune Structures That Function As Sites For Initiating Adaptive Immune Responses.
The Necessity For Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues To Have Unique Cell Types
(M Cells) And Structures Is Because:
A. The Mucous Layer Lining Mucosal Surfaces Makes It Difficult For Normal
Antigen- Presenting Cells To Function.
B. The Epithelial Surfaces That Line The Gut, Lungs, And Nasal Passages
Prevent Antigen-Presenting Cells From Accessing Microbes And Microbial
Products.
C. The Epithelial Cells Found In Mucosal Tissues Are Distinct From Those That
Provide Barrier Functions To The Skin.
D. Mucosal Sites, Where Most Pathogens Access The Body, Are Exposed To
Vast Numbers Of Diverse Microbes.
E. Mucosal Tissues Lack Innate Sensor Cells That Can Respond To Pamps And
Provide Short-Term Innate Immune Protection.
1-18 Lymphocytes Activated By Antigen Proliferate In The Peripheral Lymphoid
Organs, Generating Effector Cells And Immunological Memory
1.28 Multiple Choice: The Best Evidence Supporting The Concept Of Immunological
Memory Is:
6|PAGE
, A. The Increased Numbers Of Antigen Receptors Expressed By Lymphocytes
After Primary Exposure To An Antigen
B. The Increased Levels Of Cytokines Made By Lymphocytes After Primary
Exposure To An Antigen
C. The Increased Rapidity And Magnitude Of The Secondary Response To The
Same Antigen
D. The Increased Swelling Of Lymph Nodes During The Secondary Response
To The Same Antigen
E. The Long Lifespan Of Vertebrates, Which Would Be Impossible
Without Immunological Memory
1.29 True/False: One Factor That Contributes To The Enhanced Secondary Response
To An Antigen Is The Increased Number Of Antigen-Specific Lymphocytes Present
After The Primary Response; These Are Known As Memory Cells.
1.30 Multiple Choice: Naive B And T Lymphocytes Are Small, Quiescent Cells With Little
Cytoplasm And Low Metabolic Activity. Yet Within Hours After Being Activated
Following Encounter With Their Antigen, These Cells Enlarge And Up-Regulate Many
Biosynthetic And Metabolic Pathways. Approximately One Day Later, The Cells Begin
Dividing, And For Several Days They Are The Most Rapidly Dividing Cells In The Body,
Undergoing 2–4 Rounds Of Cell Division Every Day. In Order To Maintain This
Phenomenal Rate Of Cell Division, Lymphoblasts Must:
A. Use The Large Energy Stores Accumulated By Them When They Were
Naive Quiescent Cells Prior To Their Activation
B. Engulf Their Neighboring Small Quiescent Lymphocytes In Order To Take Their Lipids
And Proteins For Raw M a twe w
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C. Up-Regulate Synthesis Of Mrna And Proteins, Some Of Which Encode For Glucose
Transporters And Enzymes Used For Glycolysis
D. Phagocytose Extracellular Proteins And Lipids And Degrade Them For
Energy Production
E. Macropinocytose Metabolites And Sugars From The Blood For Use In Glycolysis
The Effector Mechanisms Of Immunity
1-19 Innate Immune Responses Can Select From Several Effector Modules To
Protect Against Different Types Of Pathogens
1.31 Short Answer: The Effector Activities Important In Eliminating Infectious Organisms
From Our Bodies Can Be Categorized Into Four Different Groups: Cytotoxicity,
Intracellular Immunity, Mucosal And Barrier Immunity, And Extracellular Immunity. Briefly
Describe Why The Immune System Requires Four Different Effector Modules For
Maximum Protection.
1.32 Multiple Choice: Several Subsets Of Innate Lymphoid Cells (Ilcs) Have Been Identified
That Share Their Patterns Of Cytokine Production With The Known Subsets Of T Cells.
The Combined Activity Of Related ILC And T Cell Subsets Is Effective In Eradicating
Pathogenic Infections Because:
A. Ilcs Cannot Kill The Pathogen, Whereas The Antigen-Specific T Cells Can Kill
The Pathogen.
7|PAGE
, B. The Early Response Of Ilcs That Reside At The Site Of Infection Is Followed By
The Later More Robust Response Of Pathogen-Specific T Cells That Migrate To
The Site Of Infection.
C. The Ilcs Activate B Cells To Induce Antibody Responses Whereas The T Cells
Are Able To Directly Eliminate The Pathogen.
D. The Ilcs Are Induced To Migrate From The Site Of Infection To The Draining
Lymph Nodes Where They Activate The Antigen-Specific T Cells.
E. The Ilcs Are Activated To Secrete Antimicrobial Compounds Which Cause Them
To Lyse, Releasing RNA And DNA That Act On T Cells To Stimulate T Cell
Cytotoxic Activities.
1-20 Antibodies Protect Against Extracellular Pathogens And Their Toxic Products
1.33 Multiple Choice: The Majority Of Vaccines Work By Eliciting Pathogen-Specific
Antibodies That Circulate In Our Bodies And Protect Us In The Event That We Are Later
Exposed To That Specific Pathogen. For Most Viruses And Bacterial Toxins That We
Are Vaccinated Against, These Pre-Existing Antibodies Are Protective Because:
A. They Neutralize The Virus Or Toxin, Preventing It From Attaching To And
Entering Our Cells.
B. They Bind To The Virus Or Toxin And Carry It To The Liver Where It Can Be Degraded.
C. They Bind To The Virus Or Toxin And Directly Induce Lysis.
D. They Induce Mucus Production That Helps Flush The Toxin Or Virus Out Of The Body.
E. They Bind To Epithelial Cells And Induce The Production Of Antimicrobial Peptides.
1.34 Multiple Choice: When Complement Proteins Are Covalently Deposited Onto The Surface
Of A Bacterium, This Can Som et imwewswle.Atd bt osdmir.Ecwt sl ysis Of The Bacterium. However,
More Commonly, The Deposition Of Complement Proteins Onto The Bacterial Surface
Does Not
Directly Harm The Bacterium. Instead, These Complement Proteins Aid In
Bacterial Elimination By:
A. Recruiting Antibodies To The Bacterial Surface, Leading The Antibody-
Dependent Neutralization
B. Providing A Mechanism For Phagocytes To Use Their Fc Receptors To
Recognize And Ingest The Bacterium
C. Cross-Linking Carbohydrate Structures On The Bacterial Surface,
Thereby Preventing The Bacterium From Replicating
D. Stimulating B Lymphocytes To Produce More Antibodies Against The Bacterium
E. Providing A Mechanism For Phagocytes Bearing Complement Receptors
To Recognize And Ingest The Bacterium
1-21 T Cells Orchestrate Cell-Mediated Immunity And Regulate B-Cell Responses To
Most Antigens
1.35 Short Answer: T Cells Expressing The Co-Receptor CD8 Are Generally Cytotoxic Cells,
With An Important Function In Eliminating Virus Infections That Can Occur In Many
Different Cell Types And Tissues. In Contrast, CD4 T Cells Directly Interact With A Very
Restricted Set Of Cells, Such As Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, And B Cells. Describe
One Important Mechanism That Accounts For This Division Of Labor Between CD8 And
CD4 T Cells.
1.36 True/False: TH1, TH2, TH17, And T Follicular Helper (TFH) Cells Represent Four Different
Subsets Of CD4 Effector Cells. Each Of These Subsets Produces A Distinct Set Of
Cytokines When Stimulated, That In Turn, Act To Mobilize Distinct Immune Effector
Mechanisms. While
