BIO 338 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Two |systems |involved |in |maintaining |homeostasis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endocrine |and |Nervous
|system
What |are |the |several |classes |of |hormones |(4) |What |are |they |based |upon? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Amino |acid |derivatives
Peptides
Proteins
Steroids
Based |upon |their |chemical |structure
The |effect |exerted |by |a |hormone |is |proportional |to |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-The |concentration
|of |the |hormone |in |the |blood |and |number |of |receptors
Concentration |of |hormones |depend |on |what |(4) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Rate |of |secretion |from |the
|gland
Rate |of |metabolism |or |excretion
Quality |of |transport |proteins |(for |steroids |in |particular)
Changes |in |plasma |volume
Rate |of |hormone |secretion |is |dependent |upon |(2) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Magnitude |of |input
Whether |the |input |is |stimulatory |or |inhibitory
Input |for |hormones |is |always |chemical, |but |can |be? |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-An |ion |substance |(e.g.
|glucose), |a |neurotransmitter, |or |another |hormone
Plasma |concentration |is |increased |by |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Metabolism
,Kidney |_____ |hormones |and |liver |_____ |hormones? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Kidney |secretes
|hormones
Liver |metabolizes |hormones |- |inactivation
Where |can |inactivation |or |hormones |take |place? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-In |the |liver |or |at |or |near |the
|receptor
What |is |a |transport |protein? |What |type |of |hormones |specially |require |this? |How |can |a |hormone
|exert |an |effect? |And |the |amount |of |free |hormone |is |dependent |upon |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Some |hormones |require |a |transport |in |blood |via |a |binding/transport |protein
Transport |hormones |
Hormone |must |be |"free" |to |exert |an |effect, |when |bounded |its |inactive
Amount |of |free |hormone |depends |on |quality |of |the |transport |chain, |capacity |(how |much |hormone
|can |actually |be |bound), |and |the |affinity
When |do |changes |in |plasma |volume |occur? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-With |changes |in |body |position,
|during |exercise, |and |in |response |to |heat
When |you |sweat |what |happens |to |plasma |volume? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |decreases
Lowering |plasma |volume |would |do |what |to |the |blood |and |hormones? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It
|would |'concentrate' |the |blood, |increasing |the |concentration |of |hormones |and |enhancing |hormone
|effect |on |a |tissue
Down-regulation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |in |number |of |receptors |in |response |to |a |high
|concentration |hormone |- |diminishing |response |for |the |same |hormone |concentration
Less |sensitive
Up-regulation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Increase |in |the |number |of |receptors |in |response |to |low
|concentration |of |a |hormone
Enhance |sensitivity
, Saturation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-All |receptors |in |or |on |a |cell |are |bound |to |a |hormone |any
|additional |increase |of |hormone |has |no |effect
Competition |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Some |hormones |have |a |similar |structure |so |you |can |have |cross
|binding |on |some |receptors, |nothing |happens |because |it |isn't |the |right |hormone
Which |ways |can |a |hormone |exert |a |response/effect? |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Altering |the
|activity |of |DNA |in |the |nucleus |to |initiate |or |suppress |the |synthesis |of |a |specific |hormone |- |steroids
2. |Activation |of |special |protein |called |"second |messengers"
3. |Altering |membrane |transport |mechanisms |- |insulin
Altering |activity |of |DNA |in |the |nucleus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Steroids |have |a |lipid |structure |so
|they |can |easily |diffuse |right |into |the |cell
2. |Once |inside |steroid |hormone |binds |to |a |receptor |protein |in |the |cytoplasm |or |nucleus |- |once |bound
|enter |nucleus
3. |In |nucleus |hormones |or |hormone |receptor |complex |bind |to |hormone |responsive |elements |of |DNA
4. |This |activated/suppresses |gene |that |can |lead |to |mRNA |synthesis |that |carry |codes |from |nucleus |to
|cytoplasm |where |protein |in |synthesized
Cyclic |AMP |"second |messenger" |mechanism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Hormone |binds |on |receptors
|outside |of |cell |membrane
2. |This |activates |G |protein |located |in |cell |membrane
3. |G |protein |activates |adenylate |cyclase |which |causes |the |formation |of |cyclic |AMP
4. |Increased |cyclic |AMP |concentration |activates |protein |kinase |A
5. |Protein |kinase |A |activates |response |proteins |to |alter |cellular |activity
Ion |channel |"second |messenger" |mechanism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Hormone |binds |to |receptor
|on |cell |surface
2. |Activates |G |protein |located |within |the |cell |membrane
3. |G |protein |activates |phospholipase |C
4. |phospholipid |on |membrane |(PIP4) |is |hydrolyzed |to |IP3 |causing |Ca++ |and |DAG |release
CORRECT ANSWERS
Two |systems |involved |in |maintaining |homeostasis |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endocrine |and |Nervous
|system
What |are |the |several |classes |of |hormones |(4) |What |are |they |based |upon? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Amino |acid |derivatives
Peptides
Proteins
Steroids
Based |upon |their |chemical |structure
The |effect |exerted |by |a |hormone |is |proportional |to |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-The |concentration
|of |the |hormone |in |the |blood |and |number |of |receptors
Concentration |of |hormones |depend |on |what |(4) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Rate |of |secretion |from |the
|gland
Rate |of |metabolism |or |excretion
Quality |of |transport |proteins |(for |steroids |in |particular)
Changes |in |plasma |volume
Rate |of |hormone |secretion |is |dependent |upon |(2) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Magnitude |of |input
Whether |the |input |is |stimulatory |or |inhibitory
Input |for |hormones |is |always |chemical, |but |can |be? |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-An |ion |substance |(e.g.
|glucose), |a |neurotransmitter, |or |another |hormone
Plasma |concentration |is |increased |by |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Metabolism
,Kidney |_____ |hormones |and |liver |_____ |hormones? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Kidney |secretes
|hormones
Liver |metabolizes |hormones |- |inactivation
Where |can |inactivation |or |hormones |take |place? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-In |the |liver |or |at |or |near |the
|receptor
What |is |a |transport |protein? |What |type |of |hormones |specially |require |this? |How |can |a |hormone
|exert |an |effect? |And |the |amount |of |free |hormone |is |dependent |upon |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-
Some |hormones |require |a |transport |in |blood |via |a |binding/transport |protein
Transport |hormones |
Hormone |must |be |"free" |to |exert |an |effect, |when |bounded |its |inactive
Amount |of |free |hormone |depends |on |quality |of |the |transport |chain, |capacity |(how |much |hormone
|can |actually |be |bound), |and |the |affinity
When |do |changes |in |plasma |volume |occur? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-With |changes |in |body |position,
|during |exercise, |and |in |response |to |heat
When |you |sweat |what |happens |to |plasma |volume? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |decreases
Lowering |plasma |volume |would |do |what |to |the |blood |and |hormones? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It
|would |'concentrate' |the |blood, |increasing |the |concentration |of |hormones |and |enhancing |hormone
|effect |on |a |tissue
Down-regulation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |in |number |of |receptors |in |response |to |a |high
|concentration |hormone |- |diminishing |response |for |the |same |hormone |concentration
Less |sensitive
Up-regulation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Increase |in |the |number |of |receptors |in |response |to |low
|concentration |of |a |hormone
Enhance |sensitivity
, Saturation |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-All |receptors |in |or |on |a |cell |are |bound |to |a |hormone |any
|additional |increase |of |hormone |has |no |effect
Competition |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Some |hormones |have |a |similar |structure |so |you |can |have |cross
|binding |on |some |receptors, |nothing |happens |because |it |isn't |the |right |hormone
Which |ways |can |a |hormone |exert |a |response/effect? |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Altering |the
|activity |of |DNA |in |the |nucleus |to |initiate |or |suppress |the |synthesis |of |a |specific |hormone |- |steroids
2. |Activation |of |special |protein |called |"second |messengers"
3. |Altering |membrane |transport |mechanisms |- |insulin
Altering |activity |of |DNA |in |the |nucleus |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Steroids |have |a |lipid |structure |so
|they |can |easily |diffuse |right |into |the |cell
2. |Once |inside |steroid |hormone |binds |to |a |receptor |protein |in |the |cytoplasm |or |nucleus |- |once |bound
|enter |nucleus
3. |In |nucleus |hormones |or |hormone |receptor |complex |bind |to |hormone |responsive |elements |of |DNA
4. |This |activated/suppresses |gene |that |can |lead |to |mRNA |synthesis |that |carry |codes |from |nucleus |to
|cytoplasm |where |protein |in |synthesized
Cyclic |AMP |"second |messenger" |mechanism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Hormone |binds |on |receptors
|outside |of |cell |membrane
2. |This |activates |G |protein |located |in |cell |membrane
3. |G |protein |activates |adenylate |cyclase |which |causes |the |formation |of |cyclic |AMP
4. |Increased |cyclic |AMP |concentration |activates |protein |kinase |A
5. |Protein |kinase |A |activates |response |proteins |to |alter |cellular |activity
Ion |channel |"second |messenger" |mechanism |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Hormone |binds |to |receptor
|on |cell |surface
2. |Activates |G |protein |located |within |the |cell |membrane
3. |G |protein |activates |phospholipase |C
4. |phospholipid |on |membrane |(PIP4) |is |hydrolyzed |to |IP3 |causing |Ca++ |and |DAG |release
