LS4004 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
, BI
O
M
ED
N
O
TE
S
VA
U
LT
1
,Q&As 3
EXAM NOTES 15
Feedback Mechanisms 15
Classification of Hormones 15
Anatomical Link 15
Pituitary Gland 15
Structure 16
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis 17
LT
Endocrine Pancreas 17
Insulin Actions 18
Diabetes Mellitus 18
U
Secretion 18
VA
GH Actions 18
Disorders 19
What are Hormones? 19
1. Peptide/Protein Hormones 20
2. Steroid Hormones
3. Amino Acid Derivatives
S 20
20
TE
Negative Feedback 21
Positive Feedback 21
Hormones: 22
O
Mechanism: 22
Hormone Regulation via Hypothalamus 23
N
GH: Structure and Role 24
Excess GH 25
ED
(A) Before puberty – Gigantism 25
(B) After puberty – Acromegaly 25
(A) Childhood-Onset GHD 25
M
🔹
(B) Adult-Onset GHD 26
🔹
Structure & Secretion 27
O
🔹
Two-Phase Insulin Secretion (after glucose load) 27
🔹
Secretion & Regulation 28
BI
Action 28
Type 1 Diabetes 29
Type 2 Diabetes 29
Long-term complications (in both types): 29
Structure 29
Synthesis 30
Iodine Requirements (WHO) 30
Hyperthyroidism (e.g. Graves’ Disease) 31
Hypothyroidism (e.g. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis) 31
Special Cases 32
2
, ✳️
Local Signaling 32
✳️
Q1: What is a hormone? 33
✳️
Q2: What is a hormone gland? 33
Q3: How does the human endocrine system function? (2, 3, 8 mark formats) 33
MCQs 35
Growth Hormone (GH) 35
Glucose Metabolism & Pancreas 35
Thyroid Hormones 36
Endocrine Signaling and General Concepts 37
Mixed Application & Extra Review 38
LT
3 Essay Qs with Model Answers 39
Essay Question 1 39
Essay Question 2 40
U
Essay Question 3 41
VA
S
TE
O
N
ED
M
O
BI
3
CHAPTER 4 ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
, BI
O
M
ED
N
O
TE
S
VA
U
LT
1
,Q&As 3
EXAM NOTES 15
Feedback Mechanisms 15
Classification of Hormones 15
Anatomical Link 15
Pituitary Gland 15
Structure 16
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis 17
LT
Endocrine Pancreas 17
Insulin Actions 18
Diabetes Mellitus 18
U
Secretion 18
VA
GH Actions 18
Disorders 19
What are Hormones? 19
1. Peptide/Protein Hormones 20
2. Steroid Hormones
3. Amino Acid Derivatives
S 20
20
TE
Negative Feedback 21
Positive Feedback 21
Hormones: 22
O
Mechanism: 22
Hormone Regulation via Hypothalamus 23
N
GH: Structure and Role 24
Excess GH 25
ED
(A) Before puberty – Gigantism 25
(B) After puberty – Acromegaly 25
(A) Childhood-Onset GHD 25
M
🔹
(B) Adult-Onset GHD 26
🔹
Structure & Secretion 27
O
🔹
Two-Phase Insulin Secretion (after glucose load) 27
🔹
Secretion & Regulation 28
BI
Action 28
Type 1 Diabetes 29
Type 2 Diabetes 29
Long-term complications (in both types): 29
Structure 29
Synthesis 30
Iodine Requirements (WHO) 30
Hyperthyroidism (e.g. Graves’ Disease) 31
Hypothyroidism (e.g. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis) 31
Special Cases 32
2
, ✳️
Local Signaling 32
✳️
Q1: What is a hormone? 33
✳️
Q2: What is a hormone gland? 33
Q3: How does the human endocrine system function? (2, 3, 8 mark formats) 33
MCQs 35
Growth Hormone (GH) 35
Glucose Metabolism & Pancreas 35
Thyroid Hormones 36
Endocrine Signaling and General Concepts 37
Mixed Application & Extra Review 38
LT
3 Essay Qs with Model Answers 39
Essay Question 1 39
Essay Question 2 40
U
Essay Question 3 41
VA
S
TE
O
N
ED
M
O
BI
3
