Hole's Essentials of human anatomy and physiology exam questions and anwers fully solved

Hole's Essentials of human anatomy and physiology exam questions and anwers fully solved Anatomy - AnswersThe branch of science that deals with structure of body parts their forms and how they are organized Physiology - AnswersConcerns the function of body parts, what they do and how they do it Atoms - AnswersMicroscopic particles that make chemicals Molecules - AnswersAtoms join to make these Macromolecules - AnswersSmall molecules can combine in complex ways to form these Cell - AnswersThe basic unit of structure and function. It is microscopic. They vary in size, shape, and specialized function, they all share certain characteristics. Organelles - AnswersAll cells of humans and other complex organisms contain these. They carry out specific activities. They are composed of aggregates of macromolecule such as proteins carbohydrates lipids and nucleic acid's Tissue - AnswersCells that are organized into layers are other structures that have common function. Organ - AnswersGroups of different tissues that interact. Organ systems - AnswersGroups of organs that function closely together make this. They make up an organism Organism - AnswersMade of organ systems Metabolism - AnswersThe sum total of chemical reactions in the body that breaks substances down and build them up. Reactions of metabolism enable us to choir and use energy to fuel life processes Water - AnswersThe most abundant chemical in the body. It is required for many met metabolic processes and provides environment in which most of them take place. But it also transport substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature Foods - AnswersSubstances that provide the body with necessary chemicals in addition to water. Somebody's chemicals are used as energy sources, other supply wrong materials for building new living matter, and still others help regulate bottle chemical reactions. Oxygen - AnswersGas it makes about 1/5 of ordinary air. It is used to release energy from food substances. This energy drives metabolic processes Heat - AnswersA form of energy. It is a product of metabolic reactions, and the degree if he present partly determines the rate at which his reactions occur. Generally, the more heat, the more rapidly chemical reactions take place. Pressure - AnswersApplication of force to something. Internal environment - AnswersFluid surrounding body cells Homeostasis - AnswersBody parts function only one love concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen and the conditions of heat and pressure remained within certain narrow limits. Homeostatic mechanisms - AnswersSelf-regulating control systems. They share receptors a setpoint and effectors Receptors - AnswersThey provide information about specific conditions stimuli in the internal environments. Setpoint - AnswersTells what a particular value should be. Such as body temperature at 37 Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit Effectors - AnswersCauses responses that alter conditions in the internal environment Negative feedback - AnswersIf the receptors measure deviations from the set point, if actors are activated that can return conditions towards normal. As conditions return towards normal, the deviation from the setpoint progressively lessons, and the effectors are gradually shut down this is called negative feedback Axial - AnswersHead neck and trunk Appendicular portion - AnswersUpper and lower limbs Cranial cavity - AnswersWithin the axial portion. Contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone, vertebrae. Thoracic cavity - AnswersCavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and neck containing the lungs and heart Abdominopelvic cavity - AnswersSpace between the diaphragm in the groin Viscera - AnswersOrgans in the thoratic and of abdominopelvic cavities Diaphragm - AnswersThe thoracic cavity is separated from the lower abdominopelvic cavity by broad, thin muscle. Mediastinum - AnswersSeparates the Thoracic cavity into two compartments which contain the right and left lungs. The remaining Thoracic viscera- heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are located within this Abdominal cavity - AnswersIncludes an upper of abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion, extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. It's walls consist primarily of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones. The viscera includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines Pelvic cavity - AnswersPortion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones. It contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs Oral cavity - AnswersContains the teeth and tongue Nasal cavity - AnswersLocated within the nose and divided into right and left portions by nasal septum. Several airfield sinuses connect to the nasal cavity. These include the frontal and sphenoidal simuses. Orbital cavities - AnswersContains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves Middle ear cavities - AnswersContains the middle ear bones Parietal - AnswersMembrane attached to the wall of the cavity Visceral - AnswersRefers to the membrane that is deeper, toward the interior, and covers and internal organ, such as lung Pleural membranes - AnswersThe parietal and visceral plearal membeanes are separated by a thin film of watery fluid, which they excrete. While no actual space normally exist between his membranes, the potential space between them is called the pleaural cavity Pericardial membranes - AnswersThe heart, which is located in the broadest portion of the mediastinum, is surrounded by these Peritoneal Membranes - AnswersIn the abdominopelvic cavity, These are the lining membranes Integumentary system - AnswersSkin and various acessory organs, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and the sebaceous glands. These parts protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house of righty of sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products Skeletal system - AnswersBones as well as ligaments and cartilage is that bind bones together. These parts provide frameworks and protective shields for soccer tissues, or attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move. Tissues within bones also produce blood cells in store inorganic salts Nervous system - AnswersBrain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. Endocrine system - AnswersIncludes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones Cardiovascular system - AnswersIncludes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood Lymphatic system - AnswersClosely related to the cardiovascular system. Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen Digestive system - AnswersReceived this from the outside. Then they break down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and thus be absorbed. Respiratory system - AnswersOrgans that move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood in the air. More specifically, oxygen passes from the air within the lungs into the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air, the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pharynx, larynx Urinary system - AnswersKidneys, ureter's, urinary bladder, and urethra The kidneys remove waste from blood and help maintain the body is water and salt concentrations. The product of these activities is urine. Other portions of the urinary system store urine and transport outside the body. Reproductive system - AnswersProduces whole new organisms like it self Superior - AnswersMeans that a body part is above another part or is closer to the head Inferior - AnswersMeans that a body part is below another body part or is toward the feet Anterior - AnswersMeans toward the front Posterior - AnswersThe opposite of anterior, it means towards the back Medial - AnswersRefers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to this line then another part Lateral - AnswersMeans toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline Proximal - AnswersDescribe the body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk then another body part Distal - AnswersOpposite of proximal. It means that a particular body part is farther from the point of attachment to the trunk then another body part. Superficial - AnswersMean situated near the surface Deep - AnswersDescribes parts that are more internal than superficial parts Sagittal - AnswersRefers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions. Transverse - AnswersRefers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions Transverse - AnswersRefers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Horizontal Corona - AnswersRefers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion Epigastric Region - AnswersRefers to the upper middle portion Left and right hypochondriac regions - AnswersLie on each side of the epigastric region Umbilical region - AnswersMiddle portion Left and right lumbar regions - AnswersLie on each side of the umbilical region Hypogastric region - AnswersRefers to the lower middle portion Left and right iliac region's - AnswersLie on each side of the hypogastric region Abdominal - AnswersThe region between the thorax and the pelvis Acromial - AnswersThe point on the shoulder Anti-brachial - AnswersThe form Antecubital - AnswersThe space in front of the elbow Auxiliary - AnswersThe armpit Brachial - AnswersThe arm Buccal - AnswersThe cheek Carpal - AnswersThe wrist Celiac - AnswersAbdomen Cephalic - AnswersThe head Cervical - AnswersThe Neck Costal - AnswersThe ribs Coxal - AnswersThe hip Crural - AnswersThe leg Cubital - AnswersThe elbow Digital - AnswersThe finger Dorsal - AnswersThe back Femoral - AnswersThe thigh Frontal - AnswersThe forehead Genital - AnswersThe reproductive organs Gluteal - AnswersThe buttocks Inguinal - AnswersThe depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh. The groin Lumbar - AnswersThe region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis Mammary - AnswersThe breast Mental - AnswersThe chin Nasal - AnswersThe nose Occipital - AnswersThe lower posterior region of the head Oral - AnswersThe mouth Orbital - AnswersThe eye cavity Otic - AnswersThe ear Palmar - AnswersThe palm of the hand Patellar - AnswersThe front of the knee Pectoral - AnswersThe chest Pedal - AnswersThe foot Pelvic - AnswersThe pelvis Perinal - AnswersThe region between the anus and the external reproductive organs Plantar - AnswersThe sole of the foot Popliteal - AnswersThe area behind the knee Sacral - AnswersThe posterior region between hipbones Sternal - AnswersThe middle of the thorax, anteriorly Tarsal - AnswersThe instep of the foot Umbilical - AnswersThe navel Vertebral - Answers