BIOL 253 Exam 4 with precise detailed
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answers
circular folds - Correct answer ✔deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
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that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small
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intestine
covered with fingerlike projections called villi
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microvilli - Correct answer ✔projections that increase the cell's surface area
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collectively known as a brush border 5 5 5 5 5
goblet cells - Correct answer ✔secrete mucus that lubricates and protects the
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inner surface of the wall of the small intestine
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total surface area of small intestine - Correct answer ✔250-300 square meters
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increased surface area maximizes its absorptive capacity
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lacteal - Correct answer ✔single, blind-ended lymphatic vessel
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occupies the center of each intestinal villus
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,most of the fat absorbed in the small intestine enters the lacteals
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three segments of the small intestine - Correct answer ✔duodenum (short),
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jejunum, ileum (longest) 5 5
most of the chyme that enters the stomach is digested and absorbed in the
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_____ - Correct answer ✔duodenum and part of the jejunum
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removal of parts of small intestine - Correct answer ✔does not necessarily
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result in nutritional deficiencies, depending on which part of the intestine is
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removed
the remaining tissue can increase its digestive and absorptive capacities to
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compensate for the removal of the diseased part5 5 5 5 5 5 5
pancreas - Correct answer ✔elongated gland located behind the stomach
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produce secretions essential to the function of the small intestine
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pancreatic duct - Correct answer ✔delivers exocrine secretions to the
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duodenum
liver - Correct answer ✔large organ located in upper-right portion of abdomen
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,secretes bile into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct
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gallbladder - Correct answer ✔stores secreted bile 5 5 5 5 5 5
small sac underneath the liver that branches from the common hepatic duct
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during a meal, smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall are stimulated to
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contract, causing a concentrated bile solution to flow down the common bile
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duct and be injected through the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum
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secretion into the lumen - Correct answer ✔intestinal epithelium at the base
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of the villi secretes a number of mineral ions (Na+, Cl_, HCO3-) into the
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lumen and water follows by osmosis
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osmotic gradient is enhanced when chyme entering the small intestine from
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the stomach is hypertonic due to high concentrations of solutes resulting from
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5the breakdown of large food molecules into many more small molecules
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pancreatic secretions - Correct answer ✔exocrine portion of pancreas secretes
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HCO3 and a number of digestive enzymes into the duodenum
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HCO3 is secreted by the epithelial cells lining the pancreatic duct (apical
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membrane cl-/hco3- exchanger) 5 5
acini - Correct answer ✔lobules at the end of the pancreatic duct system that
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secrete the digestive enzymes from the pancreas
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, cystic fibrosis - Correct answer ✔result in decreased pancreatic hco3-
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secretion
Enterokinase - Correct answer ✔proteolytic enzyme that converts trypsinogen
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to trypsin
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embedded in the apical plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells
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trypsin - Correct answer ✔Proteolytic enzyme that activates other pancreatic
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zymogens by splitting off peptide fragments
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hepatic lobule - Correct answer ✔functional unit of the liver
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portal triad - Correct answer ✔composed of branches of the bile duct, hepatic
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and portal veins, and the hepatic artery
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where do substances absorbed from the small intestine end up? - Correct
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answer ✔1. hepatic sinusoid either to reach the vena cava via the central vein
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2. taken up by hepatocytes (liver cells) where they can be modified
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hepatocytes - Correct answer ✔can rid the body of substances by secretion
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into the bile canaliculi, which converge to form the common hepatic bile duct
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answers
circular folds - Correct answer ✔deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
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that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
intestine
covered with fingerlike projections called villi
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microvilli - Correct answer ✔projections that increase the cell's surface area
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collectively known as a brush border 5 5 5 5 5
goblet cells - Correct answer ✔secrete mucus that lubricates and protects the
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inner surface of the wall of the small intestine
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total surface area of small intestine - Correct answer ✔250-300 square meters
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increased surface area maximizes its absorptive capacity
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lacteal - Correct answer ✔single, blind-ended lymphatic vessel
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occupies the center of each intestinal villus
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,most of the fat absorbed in the small intestine enters the lacteals
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three segments of the small intestine - Correct answer ✔duodenum (short),
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jejunum, ileum (longest) 5 5
most of the chyme that enters the stomach is digested and absorbed in the
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_____ - Correct answer ✔duodenum and part of the jejunum
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removal of parts of small intestine - Correct answer ✔does not necessarily
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result in nutritional deficiencies, depending on which part of the intestine is
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removed
the remaining tissue can increase its digestive and absorptive capacities to
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
compensate for the removal of the diseased part5 5 5 5 5 5 5
pancreas - Correct answer ✔elongated gland located behind the stomach
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produce secretions essential to the function of the small intestine
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
pancreatic duct - Correct answer ✔delivers exocrine secretions to the
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duodenum
liver - Correct answer ✔large organ located in upper-right portion of abdomen
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,secretes bile into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct
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gallbladder - Correct answer ✔stores secreted bile 5 5 5 5 5 5
small sac underneath the liver that branches from the common hepatic duct
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during a meal, smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall are stimulated to
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contract, causing a concentrated bile solution to flow down the common bile
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duct and be injected through the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum
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secretion into the lumen - Correct answer ✔intestinal epithelium at the base
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of the villi secretes a number of mineral ions (Na+, Cl_, HCO3-) into the
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lumen and water follows by osmosis
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osmotic gradient is enhanced when chyme entering the small intestine from
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the stomach is hypertonic due to high concentrations of solutes resulting from
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5the breakdown of large food molecules into many more small molecules
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pancreatic secretions - Correct answer ✔exocrine portion of pancreas secretes
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HCO3 and a number of digestive enzymes into the duodenum
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HCO3 is secreted by the epithelial cells lining the pancreatic duct (apical
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membrane cl-/hco3- exchanger) 5 5
acini - Correct answer ✔lobules at the end of the pancreatic duct system that
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secrete the digestive enzymes from the pancreas
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, cystic fibrosis - Correct answer ✔result in decreased pancreatic hco3-
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secretion
Enterokinase - Correct answer ✔proteolytic enzyme that converts trypsinogen
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to trypsin
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embedded in the apical plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells
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trypsin - Correct answer ✔Proteolytic enzyme that activates other pancreatic
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zymogens by splitting off peptide fragments
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hepatic lobule - Correct answer ✔functional unit of the liver
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portal triad - Correct answer ✔composed of branches of the bile duct, hepatic
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and portal veins, and the hepatic artery
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where do substances absorbed from the small intestine end up? - Correct
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answer ✔1. hepatic sinusoid either to reach the vena cava via the central vein
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2. taken up by hepatocytes (liver cells) where they can be modified
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hepatocytes - Correct answer ✔can rid the body of substances by secretion
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into the bile canaliculi, which converge to form the common hepatic bile duct
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