Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis
College NU606 Quiz 1 Exam 2025–2026
Accurate Real Exam Questions and Verified
Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* -
Secondary Prevention - answer>>>Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - answer>>>Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - answer>>>study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - answer>>>A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - answer>>>When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - answer>>>Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Risk - answer>>>Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
,Prevalence - answer>>>A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease
existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a
population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - answer>>>A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number
of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease
divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - answer>>>The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - answer>>>Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - answer>>>
Homeostasis - answer>>>A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - answer>>>Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - answer>>>"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - answer>>>Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
,Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - answer>>>Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - answer>>>Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - answer>>>
Endocrine Communication - answer>>>Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - answer>>>Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - answer>>>Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - answer>>>Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - answer>>>Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the
membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
, Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - answer>>>Electrical charge when there is no net ion
movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - answer>>>Resting Membrane Potential Dominated
by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - answer>>>As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise
the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes
positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization - answer>>>Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - answer>>>Depolarizes the cell
College NU606 Quiz 1 Exam 2025–2026
Accurate Real Exam Questions and Verified
Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* -
Secondary Prevention - answer>>>Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - answer>>>Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - answer>>>study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - answer>>>A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - answer>>>When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - answer>>>Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Risk - answer>>>Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
,Prevalence - answer>>>A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease
existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a
population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - answer>>>A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number
of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease
divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - answer>>>The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - answer>>>Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - answer>>>
Homeostasis - answer>>>A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - answer>>>Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - answer>>>"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - answer>>>Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
,Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - answer>>>Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - answer>>>Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - answer>>>
Endocrine Communication - answer>>>Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - answer>>>Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - answer>>>Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - answer>>>Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - answer>>>Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the
membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
, Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - answer>>>Electrical charge when there is no net ion
movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - answer>>>Resting Membrane Potential Dominated
by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - answer>>>As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise
the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes
positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization - answer>>>Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - answer>>>Depolarizes the cell
