UMN BIOC 3021: EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 | VERIFIED
inter mitochondria membrane - e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - synthetic, usually involve reduction, use energy
gamma and beta phosphates - terminal phosphates of ATP, release hight amounts of energy upon
hydrolysis
adipose tissue - storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis when performed in the liver
insulin - allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - a process in which a phosphate residue is directly transferred
from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - uses the downhill transport of high energy electrons to form a proton
gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the blood and is carried here where
it is converted back into glucose
, ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - 2 ATP (no NADH)
three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-
phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - 6 ATP equivalents
Cori Cycle - physiological process that occurs when glucose is converted to lactate during intense
exercise, and when lactate is converted back to glucose during the recovery period
regulation of bypass sites - most stringent regulation, regulation focused here because distinct
enzymes allow for regulating one direction and not the other, involves allosteric control, also subject to
negative feedback
energy charge formula - 1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP))
glycogen - major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4 linked backbone, 10% alpha-1,6
linked branches
glycogen degradation - phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units that are near to 1,6-branch
points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-branches into
additional linear 1,4-linked glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and transported through blood to
another
epinephrine cascade - -series of reactions that result in the activation of phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen synthase
inter mitochondria membrane - e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - synthetic, usually involve reduction, use energy
gamma and beta phosphates - terminal phosphates of ATP, release hight amounts of energy upon
hydrolysis
adipose tissue - storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis when performed in the liver
insulin - allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - a process in which a phosphate residue is directly transferred
from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - uses the downhill transport of high energy electrons to form a proton
gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the blood and is carried here where
it is converted back into glucose
, ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - 2 ATP (no NADH)
three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-
phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - 6 ATP equivalents
Cori Cycle - physiological process that occurs when glucose is converted to lactate during intense
exercise, and when lactate is converted back to glucose during the recovery period
regulation of bypass sites - most stringent regulation, regulation focused here because distinct
enzymes allow for regulating one direction and not the other, involves allosteric control, also subject to
negative feedback
energy charge formula - 1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP))
glycogen - major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4 linked backbone, 10% alpha-1,6
linked branches
glycogen degradation - phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units that are near to 1,6-branch
points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-branches into
additional linear 1,4-linked glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and transported through blood to
another
epinephrine cascade - -series of reactions that result in the activation of phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen synthase
