NUTR 121 UNR - Final Exam '22 | Actual
study set | Questions and Answers
Thiamin - ANSW-Vitamin B-1; primary function is to help release energy from carbohydrate. Its
coenzyme form, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), aids in reactions in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released
during the breakdown of carbohydrates and certain amino acids.
Thiamin Deficiency - Alcohol Abuse - ANSW-Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: the beriberi associated with
alcohol use disorders.
Why are Alcoholics Prone to Thiamin Deficiency? - ANSW-- absorption and use of thiamin are diminished
- excretion is increased by consumption of alcohol
- low-quality eating pattern often accompanies severe alcoholism
- alcohol binge of 1-2 weeks can quickly deplete already diminished amount of the vitamin
What is the Preferred Energy Source for the Brain's Metabolic Activity - ANSW-Glucose
Iodine - ANSW-The thyroid gland actively accumulates and traps iodine from the bloodstream to support
thyroid hormone synthesis. These hormones regulate metabolic rate, and promote growth/development
throughout the body.
Iodine Deficiency - ANSW-May result in a goiter or cretinism.
Goiter - ANSW-When the thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to take up more iodine from the
bloodstream. If not corrected, it may cause pressure to the windpipe and result in difficulty in breathing.
Cretinism - ANSW-If a woman has an iodine-deficient eating patter during the early month's of
pregnancy, the fetus will have an iodine deficiency. This may result in stunted growth/development that
collectively are known as congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism).
Enrichment - ANSW-The practice of adding micronutrients back to a food product that were lost during
processing
What Vitamins are Added Back During Enrichment? - ANSW-- Thiamin
- Niacin
- Riboflavin
- Folate
- Iron
Enriched Food - ANSW-- Rice
- Noodles
- Bread
Vitamin K - ANSW-- Helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of
bones("K"oagulation)
- Works to activate clotting factors, which are then able to bind to calcium ("K"oaguation).
Vitamin K Deficiency - ANSW-Deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding. Milder forms of
deficiency can cause easy bruising, but severe forms can lead to hemorrhage.
Vitamin K Deficiency in Adults - ANSW-Deficiency in vitamin K can occur when a person takes antibiotic
for an extended time. Antibiotics destroy the bacteria that normally synthesizes vitamin K.
, ex: if absorption and/or intake is low and the vitamin K- producing bacteria are knocked out by
antibiotics, deficiency may occur.
Vitamin K and Infants - ANSW-Newborns are at risk of a deficiency in vitamin K because their intestinal
tract has not yet been populated with the bacteria to synthesize vitamin K. A deficit in vitamin K among
infants pose serious bleeding problems if the infant is injured or in need of surgery.
Why is Vitamin K Administered After Birth? - ANSW-To ensure that the blood will clot if the baby is
injured or needs surgery.
How is Vitamin K Synthesized? - ANSW-- found in plants, plant oils, fish oils, and animal products.
- green leafy vegetables is the most abundant form of vitamin K.
- can be synthesized by the human colon (normally fulfills ~10% of human requirements).
Iron (Fe) - ANSW-- trace mineral
- part of hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs)
- part of myoglobin in muscle cells (WBCs)
-iron is part of many enzymes, some proteins, & compounds that cells use in energy production
- needed for brain/immune function
- drug detoxification in the liver
- synthesis of collagen for bone health
Heme Iron - ANSW-- derived from animal flesh (hemoglobin & myoglobin)
-comprises 40% of the iron in animal flesh
- well absorbed in the body
-found in: meat, fish, poultry, organ meats
- almost nothing affects its absorption
- absorption ranges from 15%-35%
Nonheme Iron - ANSW-- derived from plant sources
- comprises 60% of animal flesh and 100% of plants
- not as well absorbed by the body
- found in: vegetables, fortified/enriched foods, supplements
-absorption ranges from 2%-8%
- many conditions can enhance/inhibit its absorption
- most of our diet is nonheme, which means overall dietary iron absorption is 5%-15%
How is Nonheme Iron Affected by Our Diet? - ANSW-Enhancers:
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin A
- Copper
- Acidic environment in the stomach
Inhibitors:
- Tannins (found in tea)
- Oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, chard)
study set | Questions and Answers
Thiamin - ANSW-Vitamin B-1; primary function is to help release energy from carbohydrate. Its
coenzyme form, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), aids in reactions in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released
during the breakdown of carbohydrates and certain amino acids.
Thiamin Deficiency - Alcohol Abuse - ANSW-Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: the beriberi associated with
alcohol use disorders.
Why are Alcoholics Prone to Thiamin Deficiency? - ANSW-- absorption and use of thiamin are diminished
- excretion is increased by consumption of alcohol
- low-quality eating pattern often accompanies severe alcoholism
- alcohol binge of 1-2 weeks can quickly deplete already diminished amount of the vitamin
What is the Preferred Energy Source for the Brain's Metabolic Activity - ANSW-Glucose
Iodine - ANSW-The thyroid gland actively accumulates and traps iodine from the bloodstream to support
thyroid hormone synthesis. These hormones regulate metabolic rate, and promote growth/development
throughout the body.
Iodine Deficiency - ANSW-May result in a goiter or cretinism.
Goiter - ANSW-When the thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to take up more iodine from the
bloodstream. If not corrected, it may cause pressure to the windpipe and result in difficulty in breathing.
Cretinism - ANSW-If a woman has an iodine-deficient eating patter during the early month's of
pregnancy, the fetus will have an iodine deficiency. This may result in stunted growth/development that
collectively are known as congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism).
Enrichment - ANSW-The practice of adding micronutrients back to a food product that were lost during
processing
What Vitamins are Added Back During Enrichment? - ANSW-- Thiamin
- Niacin
- Riboflavin
- Folate
- Iron
Enriched Food - ANSW-- Rice
- Noodles
- Bread
Vitamin K - ANSW-- Helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of
bones("K"oagulation)
- Works to activate clotting factors, which are then able to bind to calcium ("K"oaguation).
Vitamin K Deficiency - ANSW-Deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding. Milder forms of
deficiency can cause easy bruising, but severe forms can lead to hemorrhage.
Vitamin K Deficiency in Adults - ANSW-Deficiency in vitamin K can occur when a person takes antibiotic
for an extended time. Antibiotics destroy the bacteria that normally synthesizes vitamin K.
, ex: if absorption and/or intake is low and the vitamin K- producing bacteria are knocked out by
antibiotics, deficiency may occur.
Vitamin K and Infants - ANSW-Newborns are at risk of a deficiency in vitamin K because their intestinal
tract has not yet been populated with the bacteria to synthesize vitamin K. A deficit in vitamin K among
infants pose serious bleeding problems if the infant is injured or in need of surgery.
Why is Vitamin K Administered After Birth? - ANSW-To ensure that the blood will clot if the baby is
injured or needs surgery.
How is Vitamin K Synthesized? - ANSW-- found in plants, plant oils, fish oils, and animal products.
- green leafy vegetables is the most abundant form of vitamin K.
- can be synthesized by the human colon (normally fulfills ~10% of human requirements).
Iron (Fe) - ANSW-- trace mineral
- part of hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs)
- part of myoglobin in muscle cells (WBCs)
-iron is part of many enzymes, some proteins, & compounds that cells use in energy production
- needed for brain/immune function
- drug detoxification in the liver
- synthesis of collagen for bone health
Heme Iron - ANSW-- derived from animal flesh (hemoglobin & myoglobin)
-comprises 40% of the iron in animal flesh
- well absorbed in the body
-found in: meat, fish, poultry, organ meats
- almost nothing affects its absorption
- absorption ranges from 15%-35%
Nonheme Iron - ANSW-- derived from plant sources
- comprises 60% of animal flesh and 100% of plants
- not as well absorbed by the body
- found in: vegetables, fortified/enriched foods, supplements
-absorption ranges from 2%-8%
- many conditions can enhance/inhibit its absorption
- most of our diet is nonheme, which means overall dietary iron absorption is 5%-15%
How is Nonheme Iron Affected by Our Diet? - ANSW-Enhancers:
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin A
- Copper
- Acidic environment in the stomach
Inhibitors:
- Tannins (found in tea)
- Oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, chard)
