Biol 1441 Exam 2 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers 100%
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6.1 1. How do stains used for light microscopy compare with those used for
electron microscopy? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Stains used for light microscopy are
colored molecules that bind to cell com- ponents, affecting the light passing
through, while stains used for electron mi- croscopy involve heavy metals
that affect the beams of electrons.
2. Which type of microscope would you use to study
(a) the changes in shape of a living white blood cell
(b) the details of surface texture of a hair? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(a) Light
microscope
(b) scanning electron microscope
6.3 1. What role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate the genetic message,
carried from the DNA in the nucleus by mRNA, into a polypeptide chain.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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,2. Describe the molecular composition of nucleoli and explain their function.
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Nucleoli consist of DNA and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2
made according to its instructions, as well as proteins imported from the
cytoplasm. Together, the rRNA and proteins are assembled into large and
small ribosomal subunits. (These are exported through nuclear pores to the
cytoplasm, where they will participate in polypeptide syn- thesis.)
3. As a cell begins the process of dividing, its chromosomes become
shorter, thicker, and individually visible in an LM. Explain what is happening
at the molecular level. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Each chromosome consists of one
long DNA molecule attached to numerous protein molecules, a combination
called chromatin. As a cell begins division, each chromosome becomes
"condensed" as its diffuse mass of chromatin coils up.
6.4 1. Describe the structural and functional distinctions between rough and
smooth ER. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The primary distinction between rough and
smooth ER is the presence of bound ribosomes on the rough ER. Both
types of ER make phospholipids, but membrane proteins and secretory
proteins are all produced by the ribosomes on the rough ER. The smooth
ER also functions in detoxification, carbohydrate me- tabolism, and storage
of calcium ions.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,2. Describe how transport vesicles integrate the endo-membrane system. -
🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Transport vesicles move membranes and substances they
3
enclose between other components of the endomembrane system.
3. Imagine a protein that functions in the ER but requires modification in the
Golgi apparatus before it can achieve that function. Describe the protein's
path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the
protein. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then
passes out through a nuclear pore to be translated on a bound ribosome,
attached to the rough ER. The protein is synthesized into the lumen of the
ER and perhaps modified there. A transport vesicle carries the protein to
the Golgi apparatus. After further modifica- tion in the Golgi, another
transport vesicle carries it back to the ER, where it will perform its cellular
function.
6.5 1. Describe two common characteristics of chloroplasts and
mitochondria. Consider both function and membrane structure. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Both organelles are involved in energy transformation,
mitochondria in cel- lular respiration and chloroplasts in photosynthesis.
They both have multiple membranes that separate their interiors into
compartments. In both organelles, the innermost membranes—cristae, or
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, infoldings of the inner membrane, in mito- chondria, and the thylakoid
membranes in chloroplasts—have large surface areas with embedded
4
enzymes that carry out their main functions.
2. Do plant cells have mitochondria? Explain. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Yes. Plant
cells are able to make their own sugar by photosynthesis, but mitochondria
in these eukaryotic cells are the organelles that are able to generate energy
from sugars, a function required in all cells.
3. A classmate proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts should be
classified in the endo-membrane system. Argue against the proposal. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not derived from the ER,
nor are they connected physically or via transport vesicles to organ- elles of
the endomembrane system. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are structurally
quite different from vesicles derived from the ER, which are bounded by a
single membrane.
6.6 1. Describe shared features of microtubule-based motion of flagella and
microfilament based muscle contraction. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Both systems of
movement involve long filaments that are moved in relation
to each other by motor proteins that grip, release, and grip again adjacent
poly- mers.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions and Answers 100%
1
Guaranteed Success | Already Rated A+
6.1 1. How do stains used for light microscopy compare with those used for
electron microscopy? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Stains used for light microscopy are
colored molecules that bind to cell com- ponents, affecting the light passing
through, while stains used for electron mi- croscopy involve heavy metals
that affect the beams of electrons.
2. Which type of microscope would you use to study
(a) the changes in shape of a living white blood cell
(b) the details of surface texture of a hair? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(a) Light
microscope
(b) scanning electron microscope
6.3 1. What role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate the genetic message,
carried from the DNA in the nucleus by mRNA, into a polypeptide chain.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,2. Describe the molecular composition of nucleoli and explain their function.
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Nucleoli consist of DNA and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2
made according to its instructions, as well as proteins imported from the
cytoplasm. Together, the rRNA and proteins are assembled into large and
small ribosomal subunits. (These are exported through nuclear pores to the
cytoplasm, where they will participate in polypeptide syn- thesis.)
3. As a cell begins the process of dividing, its chromosomes become
shorter, thicker, and individually visible in an LM. Explain what is happening
at the molecular level. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Each chromosome consists of one
long DNA molecule attached to numerous protein molecules, a combination
called chromatin. As a cell begins division, each chromosome becomes
"condensed" as its diffuse mass of chromatin coils up.
6.4 1. Describe the structural and functional distinctions between rough and
smooth ER. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The primary distinction between rough and
smooth ER is the presence of bound ribosomes on the rough ER. Both
types of ER make phospholipids, but membrane proteins and secretory
proteins are all produced by the ribosomes on the rough ER. The smooth
ER also functions in detoxification, carbohydrate me- tabolism, and storage
of calcium ions.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,2. Describe how transport vesicles integrate the endo-membrane system. -
🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Transport vesicles move membranes and substances they
3
enclose between other components of the endomembrane system.
3. Imagine a protein that functions in the ER but requires modification in the
Golgi apparatus before it can achieve that function. Describe the protein's
path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the
protein. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then
passes out through a nuclear pore to be translated on a bound ribosome,
attached to the rough ER. The protein is synthesized into the lumen of the
ER and perhaps modified there. A transport vesicle carries the protein to
the Golgi apparatus. After further modifica- tion in the Golgi, another
transport vesicle carries it back to the ER, where it will perform its cellular
function.
6.5 1. Describe two common characteristics of chloroplasts and
mitochondria. Consider both function and membrane structure. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Both organelles are involved in energy transformation,
mitochondria in cel- lular respiration and chloroplasts in photosynthesis.
They both have multiple membranes that separate their interiors into
compartments. In both organelles, the innermost membranes—cristae, or
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, infoldings of the inner membrane, in mito- chondria, and the thylakoid
membranes in chloroplasts—have large surface areas with embedded
4
enzymes that carry out their main functions.
2. Do plant cells have mitochondria? Explain. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Yes. Plant
cells are able to make their own sugar by photosynthesis, but mitochondria
in these eukaryotic cells are the organelles that are able to generate energy
from sugars, a function required in all cells.
3. A classmate proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts should be
classified in the endo-membrane system. Argue against the proposal. - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not derived from the ER,
nor are they connected physically or via transport vesicles to organ- elles of
the endomembrane system. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are structurally
quite different from vesicles derived from the ER, which are bounded by a
single membrane.
6.6 1. Describe shared features of microtubule-based motion of flagella and
microfilament based muscle contraction. - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Both systems of
movement involve long filaments that are moved in relation
to each other by motor proteins that grip, release, and grip again adjacent
poly- mers.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
