COMPLETE TEST BANK FOR
WONG S ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRIC NURSING 11TH
EDITION
BY HOCKENBERRY, RODGERS, WILSON 100% VERIFIED
ASNWERS
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. PERSPECTIVES OF PEDIATRIC NURSING .................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2. FAMILY, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH PROMOTION14
CHAPTER 3. DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH PROMOTION ................... 24
CHAPTER 4. COMMUNICATION AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILD AND FAMILY ....................... 34
CHAPTER 5. PAIN ASSESSMENT IN AND MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN ...................................................... 49
CHAPTER 6. INFECTIOUS DISEASE ............................................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER 7. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE NEWBORN AND FAMILY ......................................................... 67
CHAPTER 8. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF NEWBORNS ....................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 9. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE INFANT AND FAMILY ............................................................... 86
CHAPTER 10. HEALTH PROBLEM OF INFANTS ............................................................................................ 95
CHAPTER 11. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE TODDLER AND FAMILY ........................................................ 107
CHAPTER 12. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE PRESCHOOLER AND FAMILY ............................................... 116
CHAPTER 13. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS ................................................... 128
CHAPTER 14. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE SCHOOL AGE CHILD AND FAMILY ....................................... 136
CHAPTER 15. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE ADOLESCENT AND FAMILY ................................................. 146
CHAPTER 16. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ................................ 162
CHAPTER 17. QUALITY OF LIFE FOR CHILDREN LIVING WITH CHRONIC OR COMPLEX DISEASES ............ 171
CHAPTER 18. IMPACT OF COGNITIVE OR SENSORY IMPAIRMENT ON THE CHILD AND FAMILY .............. 181
CHAPTER 19. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE OF THE CHILD DURING ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION ........... 190
CHAPTER 20. PEDIATRIC VARIATIONS OF NURSING INTERVENTIONS ...................................................... 200
CHAPTER 21. THE CHILD WITH RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION .................................................................. 210
CHAPTER 22. THE CHILD WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DYSFUNCTION ........................................................ 219
CHAPTER 23. THE CHILD WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION .......................................................... 228
CHAPTER 24. THE CHILD WITH HEMATOLOGIC OR IMMUNOLOGIC DYSFUNCTION................................ 237
CHAPTER 25. THE CHILD WITH CANCER.................................................................................................... 247
CHAPTER 26. THE CHILD WITH GENITOURINARY DYSFUNCTION ............................................................. 257
CHAPTER 27. THE CHILD WITH CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION ........................................................................ 266
CHAPTER 28. THE CHILD WITH ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION ..................................................................... 276
CHAPTER 29. THE CHILD WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL OR ARTICULAR DYSFUNCTION ............................... 288
CHAPTER 30. THE CHILD WITH NEUROMUSCULAR OR MUSCULAR DYSFUNCTION................................. 300
,CHAPTER 1. PERSPECTIVES OF PEDIATRIC NURSING
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. THE CLINIC NURSE IS REVIEWING STATISTICS ON INFANT MORTALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES VERSUS
OTHER COUNTRIES. COMPARED WITH OTHER COUNTRIES THAT HAVE A POPULATION OF AT LEAST 25
MILLION, THE NURSE MAKES WHICH DETERMINATION?
A. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED LAST AMONG 27 COUNTRIES.
B. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED SIMILAR TO 20 OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
C. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED IN THE MIDDLE OF 20 OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
D. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED HIGHEST AMONG 27 OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES.
ANS: A
ALTHOUGH THE DEATH RATE HAS DECREASED, THE UNITED STATES STILL RANKS LAST IN INFANT
MORTALITY AMONG
NATIONS WITH A POPULATION OF AT LEAST 25 MILLION. THE UNITED STATES HAS THE HIGHEST
INFANT DEATH RATE OF DEVELOPED NATIONS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 6
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: ASSESSMENT
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
2. WHICH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR IN THE UNITED
STATES?
A. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
B. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
C. DISORDERS RELATED TO SHORT GESTATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
D. MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO THE PERINATAL PERIOD
ANS: A
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ACCOUNT FOR 20.1% OF DEATHS IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR
COMPARED WITH SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR 8.2%; DISORDERS
RELATED TO SHORT GESTATION AND UNSPECIFIED LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WHICH ACCOUNT FOR 16.5%;
AND MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS INFECTIONS SPECIFIC TO THE PERINATAL PERIOD, WHICH
ACCOUNT FOR 6.1% OF DEATHS IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
3. WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH FOR CHILDREN OLDER THAN 1 YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES?
A. HEART DISEASE
B. CHILDHOOD CANCER
C. UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
D. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
ANS: C
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES (ACCIDENTS) ARE THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AFTER AGE 1 YEAR
THROUGH ADOLESCENCE. THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR THOSE YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR IS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES, AND CHILDHOOD CANCERS AND HEART DISEASE CAUSE A SIGNIFICANTLY
LOWER PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS IN CHILDREN OLDER THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
4. IN ADDITION TO INJURIES, WHAT ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN ADOLESCENTS AGES 15 TO
19 YEARS?
A. SUICIDE AND CANCER
B. SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE
C. DROWNING AND CANCER
D. HOMICIDE AND HEART DISEASE
ANS: B
SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE ACCOUNT FOR 16.7% OF DEATHS IN THIS AGE GROUP. SUICIDE AND CANCER
ACCOUNT FOR 10.9% OF DEATHS, HEART DISEASE AND CANCER ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 5.5%,
AND HOMICIDE AND HEART DISEASE ACCOUNT FOR 10.9% OF THE DEATHS IN THIS AGE GROUP.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
5. THE NURSE IS PLANNING A TEACHING SESSION TO ADOLESCENTS ABOUT DEATHS BY UNINTENTIONAL
INJURIES. WHICH SHOULD THE NURSE INCLUDE IN THE SESSION WITH REGARD TO DEATHS CAUSED BY
INJURIES?
A. MORE DEATHS OCCUR IN MALES.
B. MORE DEATHS OCCUR IN FEMALES.
C. THE PATTERN OF DEATHS DOES NOT VARY ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX.
D. THE PATTERN OF DEATHS DOES NOT VARY WIDELY AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS.
ANS: A
THE MAJORITY OF DEATHS FROM UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES OCCUR IN MALES. THE PATTERN OF
DEATH DOES VARY GREATLY AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS, AND THE CAUSES OF
UNINTENTIONAL DEATHS VARY WITH AGE AND GENDER.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: PP. 7-8
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
6. WHAT DO MORTALITY STATISTICS DESCRIBE?
A. DISEASE OCCURRING REGULARLY WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
B. THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DIED OVER A SPECIFIC PERIOD
C. THE PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC ILLNESS IN THE POPULATION AT A PARTICULAR TIME
D. DISEASE OCCURRING IN MORE THAN THE NUMBER OF EXPECTED CASES IN A COMMUNITY
ANS: B
MORTALITY STATISTICS REFER TO THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DIED OVER A SPECIFIC
PERIOD. MORBIDITY STATISTICS SHOW THE PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC ILLNESS IN THE POPULATION AT
A PARTICULAR TIME. DATA REGARDING DISEASE WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC REGION, OR IN GREATER
THAN EXPECTED NUMBERS IN A COMMUNITY, MAY BE EXTRAPOLATED FROM ANALYZING THE
MORBIDITY STATISTICS.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 3
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
7. THE NURSE SHOULD ASSESS WHICH AGE GROUP FOR SUICIDE IDEATION SINCE SUICIDE IN WHICH AGE
GROUP IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH?
A. PRESCHOOLERS
B. YOUNG SCHOOL AGE
C. MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE
D. LATE SCHOOL AGE AND ADOLESCENTS
ANS: D
SUICIDE IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CHILDREN AGES 10 TO 19 YEARS; THEREFORE, THE
AGE GROUP SHOULD BE LATE SCHOOL AGE AND ADOLESCENTS. SUICIDE IS NOT ONE OF THE LEADING
CAUSES OF DEATH FOR PRESCHOOL AND YOUNG OR MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 6
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: ASSESSMENT
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
8. PARENTS OF A HOSPITALIZED TODDLER ASK THE NURSE, WHAT IS MEANT BY FAMILY-CENTERED
CARE? THE NURSE SHOULD RESPOND WITH WHICH STATEMENT?
A. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE REDUCES THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ON THE FAMILY.
B. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ENCOURAGES FAMILY DEPENDENCE ON THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM.
C. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE RECOGNIZES THAT THE FAMILY IS THE CONSTANT IN A CHILDS LIFE.
D. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE AVOIDS EXPECTING FAMILIES TO BE PART OF THE DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS.
ANS: C
THE THREE KEY COMPONENTS OF FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ARE RESPECT, COLLABORATION, AND
SUPPORT. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE RECOGNIZES THE FAMILY AS THE CONSTANT IN THE CHILDS LIFE.
THE FAMILY SHOULD BE ENABLED AND EMPOWERED TO WORK WITH THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND
,IS EXPECTED TO BE PART OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THE NURSE SHOULD ALSO SUPPORT
THE FAMILYS CULTURAL DIVERSITY, NOT REDUCE ITS EFFECT.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 8
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: IMPLEMENTATION
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
9. THE NURSE IS DESCRIBING CLINICAL REASONING TO A GROUP OF NURSING STUDENTS. WHICH IS
MOST DESCRIPTIVE OF CLINICAL REASONING?
A. PURPOSEFUL AND GOAL DIRECTED
B. A SIMPLE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS
C. BASED ON DELIBERATE AND IRRATIONAL THOUGHT
D. ASSISTS INDIVIDUALS IN GUESSING WHAT IS MOST APPROPRIATE
ANS: A
CLINICAL REASONING IS A COMPLEX DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS BASED ON RATIONAL AND
DELIBERATE THOUGHT. WHEN THINKING IS CLEAR, PRECISE, ACCURATE, RELEVANT, CONSISTENT, AND
FAIR, A LOGICAL CONNECTION DEVELOPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT AND THE PROBLEM
AT HAND.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 12
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
10. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP), A DECISION-MAKING MODEL, IS BEST DESCRIBED AS WHICH?
A. USING INFORMATION IN TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE CARE
B. COMBINING KNOWLEDGE WITH CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND INTUITION
C. USING A PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS AS A MEANS FOR DECISION MAKING
D. GATHERING ALL EVIDENCE THAT APPLIES TO THE CHILDS HEALTH AND FAMILY SITUATION
ANS: B
EBP HELPS FOCUS ON MEASURABLE OUTCOMES; THE USE OF DEMONSTRATED, EFFECTIVE
INTERVENTIONS; AND QUESTIONING WHAT IS THE BEST APPROACH. EBP INVOLVES DECISION MAKING
,BASED ON DATA, NOT ALL EVIDENCE ON A PARTICULAR SITUATION, AND INVOLVES THE LATEST
AVAILABLE DATA. NURSES CAN USE TEXTBOOKS TO DETERMINE AREAS OF CONCERN AND POTENTIAL
INVOLVEMENT.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 11
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT
11. WHICH BEST DESCRIBES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AS PART OF A NURSING DIAGNOSIS?
A. DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS
B. IDENTIFICATION OF ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
C. HUMAN RESPONSE TO STATE OF ILLNESS OR HEALTH
D. CUES AND CLUSTERS DERIVED FROM PATIENT ASSESSMENT
ANS: D
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE THE CUES AND CLUSTERS OF DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE
DERIVED FROM A PATIENT ASSESSMENT AND INDICATE ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. THE FIRST PART
OF THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS IS THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, ALSO KNOWN AS THE HUMAN RESPONSE
TO THE STATE OF ILLNESS OR HEALTH. THE IDENTIFICATION OF ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS MAY BE
PART OF THE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON THE HUMAN RESPONSE TO
THESE PROBLEMS. THE HUMAN RESPONSE IS THEREFORE A COMPONENT OF THE NURSING
DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT. POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY NURSING CARE NEEDS TO
AVOID THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEM WHEN A POTENTIAL ONE EXISTS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 13
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT
12. THE NURSE IS TALKING TO A GROUP OF PARENTS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AT AN AFTER-SCHOOL
PROGRAM ABOUT CHILDHOOD HEALTH PROBLEMS. WHICH STATEMENT SHOULD THE NURSE INCLUDE
IN THE TEACHING?
A. CHILDHOOD OBESITY IS THE MOST COMMON NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN.
B. IMMUNIZATION RATES ARE THE SAME AMONG CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT RACES AND ETHNICITY.
,C. DENTAL CARIES IS NOT A PROBLEM COMMONLY SEEN IN CHILDREN SINCE THE INTRODUCTION
OF FLUORIDATED
ANS: A
WATER.
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE TYPICALLY NOT SEEN IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN BUT MAY BE
DIAGNOSED IN ADOLESCENTS.
WHEN TEACHING PARENTS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN ABOUT CHILDHOOD HEALTH PROBLEMS, THE
NURSE SHOULD INCLUDE INFORMATION ABOUT CHILDHOOD OBESITY BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST
COMMON PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. TEACHING
PARENTS ABOUT WAYS TO PREVENT OBESITY IS IMPORTANT TO INCLUDE. IMMUNIZATION RATES
DIFFER DEPENDING ON THE CHILDS RACE AND ETHNICITY; DENTAL CARIES CONTINUES TO BE A
COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD; AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE SEEN IN
CHILDREN AS YOUNG AS SCHOOL AGE, NOT JUST IN ADOLESCENTS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 3
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
13. THE NURSE IS PLANNING CARE FOR A HOSPITALIZED PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILD. WHICH SHOULD
THE NURSE PLAN TO ENSURE ATRAUMATIC CARE?
A. LIMIT EXPLANATION OF PROCEDURES BECAUSE THE CHILD IS PRESCHOOL AGED.
B. ASK THAT ALL FAMILY MEMBERS LEAVE THE ROOM WHEN PERFORMING PROCEDURES.
C. ALLOW THE CHILD TO CHOOSE THE TYPE OF JUICE TO DRINK WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF
ORAL MEDICATIONS. EXPLAIN THAT EMLA CREAM CANNOT BE USED FOR THE MORNING LAB DRAW
BECAUSE THERE IS NOT TIME FOR
D. IT TO BE EFFECTIVE.
ANS: C
THE OVERRIDING GOAL IN PROVIDING ATRAUMATIC CARE IS FIRST, DO NO HARM. ALLOWING THE
CHILD A CHOICE
OF JUICE TO DRINK WHEN TAKING ORAL MEDICATIONS PROVIDES THE CHILD WITH A SENSE OF
CONTROL. THE PRESCHOOL CHILD SHOULD BE PREPARED BEFORE PROCEDURES, SO LIMITING
EXPLANATIONS OF PROCEDURES WOULD INCREASE ANXIETY. THE FAMILY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO
STAY WITH THE CHILD DURING PROCEDURES, MINIMIZING STRESS. LIDOCAINE/PRILOCAINE (EMLA)
, CREAM IS A TOPICAL LOCAL ANESTHETIC. THE NURSE SHOULD PLAN TO USE THE PRESCRIBED CREAM IN
TIME FOR MORNING LABORATORY DRAWS TO MINIMIZE PAIN. DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING REF:
PP. 8-9 TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
14. WHICH SITUATION DENOTES A NONTHERAPEUTIC NURSEPATIENTFAMILY RELATIONSHIP?
A. THE NURSE IS PLANNING TO READ A FAVORITE FAIRY TALE TO A PATIENT.
B. DURING SHIFT REPORT, THE NURSE IS CRITICIZING PARENTS FOR NOT VISITING THEIR CHILD.
C. THE NURSE IS DISCUSSING WITH A FELLOW NURSE THE EMOTIONAL DRAW TO A CERTAIN
PATIENT.
THE NURSE IS WORKING WITH A FAMILY TO FIND WAYS TO DECREASE THE FAMILYS DEPENDENCE ON
HEALTH
D. CARE PROVIDERS.
ANS: B
CRITICIZING PARENTS FOR NOT VISITING IN SHIFT REPORT IS NONTHERAPEUTIC AND SHOWS AN
UNDERINVOLVEMENT WITH THE PARENTS. READING A FAIRY TALE IS A THERAPEUTIC AND AGE
APPROPRIATE ACTION. DISCUSSING FEELINGS OF AN EMOTIONAL DRAW WITH A FELLOW NURSE IS
THERAPEUTIC AND SHOWS A WILLINGNESS TO UNDERSTAND FEELINGS. WORKING WITH PARENTS TO
DECREASE DEPENDENCE ON HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IS THERAPEUTIC AND HELPS TO EMPOWER THE
FAMILY.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: ANALYZING REF: DL. 9 TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: CARING MSC: CLIENT NEEDS:
PSYCHOSOCIAL INTEGRITY
15. THE NURSE IS AWARE THAT WHICH AGE GROUP IS AT RISK FOR CHILDHOOD INJURY BECAUSE
OF THE COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGICAL AND EGOCENTRIC THINKING?
A. PRESCHOOL
B. YOUNG SCHOOL AGE
C. MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE
D. ADOLESCENT
ANS: A
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN HAVE THE COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGICAL AND EGOCENTRIC
THINKING, MEANING
THEY ARE UNABLE TO COMPREHEND DANGER TO SELF OR OTHERS. YOUNG AND MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED
CHILDREN HAVE TRANSITIONAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES, AND THEY MAY ATTEMPT DANGEROUS ACTS
WITHOUT DETAILED PLANNING BUT RECOGNIZE DANGER TO THEMSELVES OR OTHERS. ADOLESCENTS
WONG S ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRIC NURSING 11TH
EDITION
BY HOCKENBERRY, RODGERS, WILSON 100% VERIFIED
ASNWERS
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. PERSPECTIVES OF PEDIATRIC NURSING .................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2. FAMILY, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH PROMOTION14
CHAPTER 3. DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH PROMOTION ................... 24
CHAPTER 4. COMMUNICATION AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILD AND FAMILY ....................... 34
CHAPTER 5. PAIN ASSESSMENT IN AND MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN ...................................................... 49
CHAPTER 6. INFECTIOUS DISEASE ............................................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER 7. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE NEWBORN AND FAMILY ......................................................... 67
CHAPTER 8. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF NEWBORNS ....................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 9. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE INFANT AND FAMILY ............................................................... 86
CHAPTER 10. HEALTH PROBLEM OF INFANTS ............................................................................................ 95
CHAPTER 11. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE TODDLER AND FAMILY ........................................................ 107
CHAPTER 12. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE PRESCHOOLER AND FAMILY ............................................... 116
CHAPTER 13. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS ................................................... 128
CHAPTER 14. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE SCHOOL AGE CHILD AND FAMILY ....................................... 136
CHAPTER 15. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE ADOLESCENT AND FAMILY ................................................. 146
CHAPTER 16. HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ................................ 162
CHAPTER 17. QUALITY OF LIFE FOR CHILDREN LIVING WITH CHRONIC OR COMPLEX DISEASES ............ 171
CHAPTER 18. IMPACT OF COGNITIVE OR SENSORY IMPAIRMENT ON THE CHILD AND FAMILY .............. 181
CHAPTER 19. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE OF THE CHILD DURING ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION ........... 190
CHAPTER 20. PEDIATRIC VARIATIONS OF NURSING INTERVENTIONS ...................................................... 200
CHAPTER 21. THE CHILD WITH RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION .................................................................. 210
CHAPTER 22. THE CHILD WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DYSFUNCTION ........................................................ 219
CHAPTER 23. THE CHILD WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION .......................................................... 228
CHAPTER 24. THE CHILD WITH HEMATOLOGIC OR IMMUNOLOGIC DYSFUNCTION................................ 237
CHAPTER 25. THE CHILD WITH CANCER.................................................................................................... 247
CHAPTER 26. THE CHILD WITH GENITOURINARY DYSFUNCTION ............................................................. 257
CHAPTER 27. THE CHILD WITH CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION ........................................................................ 266
CHAPTER 28. THE CHILD WITH ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION ..................................................................... 276
CHAPTER 29. THE CHILD WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL OR ARTICULAR DYSFUNCTION ............................... 288
CHAPTER 30. THE CHILD WITH NEUROMUSCULAR OR MUSCULAR DYSFUNCTION................................. 300
,CHAPTER 1. PERSPECTIVES OF PEDIATRIC NURSING
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. THE CLINIC NURSE IS REVIEWING STATISTICS ON INFANT MORTALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES VERSUS
OTHER COUNTRIES. COMPARED WITH OTHER COUNTRIES THAT HAVE A POPULATION OF AT LEAST 25
MILLION, THE NURSE MAKES WHICH DETERMINATION?
A. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED LAST AMONG 27 COUNTRIES.
B. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED SIMILAR TO 20 OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
C. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED IN THE MIDDLE OF 20 OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
D. THE UNITED STATES IS RANKED HIGHEST AMONG 27 OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES.
ANS: A
ALTHOUGH THE DEATH RATE HAS DECREASED, THE UNITED STATES STILL RANKS LAST IN INFANT
MORTALITY AMONG
NATIONS WITH A POPULATION OF AT LEAST 25 MILLION. THE UNITED STATES HAS THE HIGHEST
INFANT DEATH RATE OF DEVELOPED NATIONS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 6
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: ASSESSMENT
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
2. WHICH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR IN THE UNITED
STATES?
A. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
B. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
C. DISORDERS RELATED TO SHORT GESTATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
D. MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO THE PERINATAL PERIOD
ANS: A
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ACCOUNT FOR 20.1% OF DEATHS IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR
COMPARED WITH SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR 8.2%; DISORDERS
RELATED TO SHORT GESTATION AND UNSPECIFIED LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WHICH ACCOUNT FOR 16.5%;
AND MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS INFECTIONS SPECIFIC TO THE PERINATAL PERIOD, WHICH
ACCOUNT FOR 6.1% OF DEATHS IN INFANTS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
3. WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH FOR CHILDREN OLDER THAN 1 YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES?
A. HEART DISEASE
B. CHILDHOOD CANCER
C. UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
D. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
ANS: C
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES (ACCIDENTS) ARE THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AFTER AGE 1 YEAR
THROUGH ADOLESCENCE. THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR THOSE YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR IS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES, AND CHILDHOOD CANCERS AND HEART DISEASE CAUSE A SIGNIFICANTLY
LOWER PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS IN CHILDREN OLDER THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
4. IN ADDITION TO INJURIES, WHAT ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN ADOLESCENTS AGES 15 TO
19 YEARS?
A. SUICIDE AND CANCER
B. SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE
C. DROWNING AND CANCER
D. HOMICIDE AND HEART DISEASE
ANS: B
SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE ACCOUNT FOR 16.7% OF DEATHS IN THIS AGE GROUP. SUICIDE AND CANCER
ACCOUNT FOR 10.9% OF DEATHS, HEART DISEASE AND CANCER ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 5.5%,
AND HOMICIDE AND HEART DISEASE ACCOUNT FOR 10.9% OF THE DEATHS IN THIS AGE GROUP.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 7
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
5. THE NURSE IS PLANNING A TEACHING SESSION TO ADOLESCENTS ABOUT DEATHS BY UNINTENTIONAL
INJURIES. WHICH SHOULD THE NURSE INCLUDE IN THE SESSION WITH REGARD TO DEATHS CAUSED BY
INJURIES?
A. MORE DEATHS OCCUR IN MALES.
B. MORE DEATHS OCCUR IN FEMALES.
C. THE PATTERN OF DEATHS DOES NOT VARY ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX.
D. THE PATTERN OF DEATHS DOES NOT VARY WIDELY AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS.
ANS: A
THE MAJORITY OF DEATHS FROM UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES OCCUR IN MALES. THE PATTERN OF
DEATH DOES VARY GREATLY AMONG DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS, AND THE CAUSES OF
UNINTENTIONAL DEATHS VARY WITH AGE AND GENDER.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: PP. 7-8
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
6. WHAT DO MORTALITY STATISTICS DESCRIBE?
A. DISEASE OCCURRING REGULARLY WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
B. THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DIED OVER A SPECIFIC PERIOD
C. THE PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC ILLNESS IN THE POPULATION AT A PARTICULAR TIME
D. DISEASE OCCURRING IN MORE THAN THE NUMBER OF EXPECTED CASES IN A COMMUNITY
ANS: B
MORTALITY STATISTICS REFER TO THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DIED OVER A SPECIFIC
PERIOD. MORBIDITY STATISTICS SHOW THE PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC ILLNESS IN THE POPULATION AT
A PARTICULAR TIME. DATA REGARDING DISEASE WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC REGION, OR IN GREATER
THAN EXPECTED NUMBERS IN A COMMUNITY, MAY BE EXTRAPOLATED FROM ANALYZING THE
MORBIDITY STATISTICS.
,DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 3
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
7. THE NURSE SHOULD ASSESS WHICH AGE GROUP FOR SUICIDE IDEATION SINCE SUICIDE IN WHICH AGE
GROUP IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH?
A. PRESCHOOLERS
B. YOUNG SCHOOL AGE
C. MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE
D. LATE SCHOOL AGE AND ADOLESCENTS
ANS: D
SUICIDE IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CHILDREN AGES 10 TO 19 YEARS; THEREFORE, THE
AGE GROUP SHOULD BE LATE SCHOOL AGE AND ADOLESCENTS. SUICIDE IS NOT ONE OF THE LEADING
CAUSES OF DEATH FOR PRESCHOOL AND YOUNG OR MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 6
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: ASSESSMENT
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
8. PARENTS OF A HOSPITALIZED TODDLER ASK THE NURSE, WHAT IS MEANT BY FAMILY-CENTERED
CARE? THE NURSE SHOULD RESPOND WITH WHICH STATEMENT?
A. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE REDUCES THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ON THE FAMILY.
B. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ENCOURAGES FAMILY DEPENDENCE ON THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM.
C. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE RECOGNIZES THAT THE FAMILY IS THE CONSTANT IN A CHILDS LIFE.
D. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE AVOIDS EXPECTING FAMILIES TO BE PART OF THE DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS.
ANS: C
THE THREE KEY COMPONENTS OF FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ARE RESPECT, COLLABORATION, AND
SUPPORT. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE RECOGNIZES THE FAMILY AS THE CONSTANT IN THE CHILDS LIFE.
THE FAMILY SHOULD BE ENABLED AND EMPOWERED TO WORK WITH THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND
,IS EXPECTED TO BE PART OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THE NURSE SHOULD ALSO SUPPORT
THE FAMILYS CULTURAL DIVERSITY, NOT REDUCE ITS EFFECT.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 8
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: IMPLEMENTATION
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
9. THE NURSE IS DESCRIBING CLINICAL REASONING TO A GROUP OF NURSING STUDENTS. WHICH IS
MOST DESCRIPTIVE OF CLINICAL REASONING?
A. PURPOSEFUL AND GOAL DIRECTED
B. A SIMPLE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS
C. BASED ON DELIBERATE AND IRRATIONAL THOUGHT
D. ASSISTS INDIVIDUALS IN GUESSING WHAT IS MOST APPROPRIATE
ANS: A
CLINICAL REASONING IS A COMPLEX DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS BASED ON RATIONAL AND
DELIBERATE THOUGHT. WHEN THINKING IS CLEAR, PRECISE, ACCURATE, RELEVANT, CONSISTENT, AND
FAIR, A LOGICAL CONNECTION DEVELOPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT AND THE PROBLEM
AT HAND.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 12
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
10. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP), A DECISION-MAKING MODEL, IS BEST DESCRIBED AS WHICH?
A. USING INFORMATION IN TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE CARE
B. COMBINING KNOWLEDGE WITH CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND INTUITION
C. USING A PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS AS A MEANS FOR DECISION MAKING
D. GATHERING ALL EVIDENCE THAT APPLIES TO THE CHILDS HEALTH AND FAMILY SITUATION
ANS: B
EBP HELPS FOCUS ON MEASURABLE OUTCOMES; THE USE OF DEMONSTRATED, EFFECTIVE
INTERVENTIONS; AND QUESTIONING WHAT IS THE BEST APPROACH. EBP INVOLVES DECISION MAKING
,BASED ON DATA, NOT ALL EVIDENCE ON A PARTICULAR SITUATION, AND INVOLVES THE LATEST
AVAILABLE DATA. NURSES CAN USE TEXTBOOKS TO DETERMINE AREAS OF CONCERN AND POTENTIAL
INVOLVEMENT.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
REF: DL. 11
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT
11. WHICH BEST DESCRIBES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AS PART OF A NURSING DIAGNOSIS?
A. DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS
B. IDENTIFICATION OF ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
C. HUMAN RESPONSE TO STATE OF ILLNESS OR HEALTH
D. CUES AND CLUSTERS DERIVED FROM PATIENT ASSESSMENT
ANS: D
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE THE CUES AND CLUSTERS OF DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE
DERIVED FROM A PATIENT ASSESSMENT AND INDICATE ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. THE FIRST PART
OF THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS IS THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, ALSO KNOWN AS THE HUMAN RESPONSE
TO THE STATE OF ILLNESS OR HEALTH. THE IDENTIFICATION OF ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEMS MAY BE
PART OF THE MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON THE HUMAN RESPONSE TO
THESE PROBLEMS. THE HUMAN RESPONSE IS THEREFORE A COMPONENT OF THE NURSING
DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENT. POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY NURSING CARE NEEDS TO
AVOID THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTUAL HEALTH PROBLEM WHEN A POTENTIAL ONE EXISTS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING
REF: DL. 13
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT
12. THE NURSE IS TALKING TO A GROUP OF PARENTS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AT AN AFTER-SCHOOL
PROGRAM ABOUT CHILDHOOD HEALTH PROBLEMS. WHICH STATEMENT SHOULD THE NURSE INCLUDE
IN THE TEACHING?
A. CHILDHOOD OBESITY IS THE MOST COMMON NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN.
B. IMMUNIZATION RATES ARE THE SAME AMONG CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT RACES AND ETHNICITY.
,C. DENTAL CARIES IS NOT A PROBLEM COMMONLY SEEN IN CHILDREN SINCE THE INTRODUCTION
OF FLUORIDATED
ANS: A
WATER.
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE TYPICALLY NOT SEEN IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN BUT MAY BE
DIAGNOSED IN ADOLESCENTS.
WHEN TEACHING PARENTS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN ABOUT CHILDHOOD HEALTH PROBLEMS, THE
NURSE SHOULD INCLUDE INFORMATION ABOUT CHILDHOOD OBESITY BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST
COMMON PROBLEM AMONG CHILDREN AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. TEACHING
PARENTS ABOUT WAYS TO PREVENT OBESITY IS IMPORTANT TO INCLUDE. IMMUNIZATION RATES
DIFFER DEPENDING ON THE CHILDS RACE AND ETHNICITY; DENTAL CARIES CONTINUES TO BE A
COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD; AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE SEEN IN
CHILDREN AS YOUNG AS SCHOOL AGE, NOT JUST IN ADOLESCENTS.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING
REF: DL. 3
TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: TEACHING/LEARNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
13. THE NURSE IS PLANNING CARE FOR A HOSPITALIZED PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILD. WHICH SHOULD
THE NURSE PLAN TO ENSURE ATRAUMATIC CARE?
A. LIMIT EXPLANATION OF PROCEDURES BECAUSE THE CHILD IS PRESCHOOL AGED.
B. ASK THAT ALL FAMILY MEMBERS LEAVE THE ROOM WHEN PERFORMING PROCEDURES.
C. ALLOW THE CHILD TO CHOOSE THE TYPE OF JUICE TO DRINK WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF
ORAL MEDICATIONS. EXPLAIN THAT EMLA CREAM CANNOT BE USED FOR THE MORNING LAB DRAW
BECAUSE THERE IS NOT TIME FOR
D. IT TO BE EFFECTIVE.
ANS: C
THE OVERRIDING GOAL IN PROVIDING ATRAUMATIC CARE IS FIRST, DO NO HARM. ALLOWING THE
CHILD A CHOICE
OF JUICE TO DRINK WHEN TAKING ORAL MEDICATIONS PROVIDES THE CHILD WITH A SENSE OF
CONTROL. THE PRESCHOOL CHILD SHOULD BE PREPARED BEFORE PROCEDURES, SO LIMITING
EXPLANATIONS OF PROCEDURES WOULD INCREASE ANXIETY. THE FAMILY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO
STAY WITH THE CHILD DURING PROCEDURES, MINIMIZING STRESS. LIDOCAINE/PRILOCAINE (EMLA)
, CREAM IS A TOPICAL LOCAL ANESTHETIC. THE NURSE SHOULD PLAN TO USE THE PRESCRIBED CREAM IN
TIME FOR MORNING LABORATORY DRAWS TO MINIMIZE PAIN. DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: APPLYING REF:
PP. 8-9 TOP: NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING
MSC: CLIENT NEEDS: HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE
14. WHICH SITUATION DENOTES A NONTHERAPEUTIC NURSEPATIENTFAMILY RELATIONSHIP?
A. THE NURSE IS PLANNING TO READ A FAVORITE FAIRY TALE TO A PATIENT.
B. DURING SHIFT REPORT, THE NURSE IS CRITICIZING PARENTS FOR NOT VISITING THEIR CHILD.
C. THE NURSE IS DISCUSSING WITH A FELLOW NURSE THE EMOTIONAL DRAW TO A CERTAIN
PATIENT.
THE NURSE IS WORKING WITH A FAMILY TO FIND WAYS TO DECREASE THE FAMILYS DEPENDENCE ON
HEALTH
D. CARE PROVIDERS.
ANS: B
CRITICIZING PARENTS FOR NOT VISITING IN SHIFT REPORT IS NONTHERAPEUTIC AND SHOWS AN
UNDERINVOLVEMENT WITH THE PARENTS. READING A FAIRY TALE IS A THERAPEUTIC AND AGE
APPROPRIATE ACTION. DISCUSSING FEELINGS OF AN EMOTIONAL DRAW WITH A FELLOW NURSE IS
THERAPEUTIC AND SHOWS A WILLINGNESS TO UNDERSTAND FEELINGS. WORKING WITH PARENTS TO
DECREASE DEPENDENCE ON HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IS THERAPEUTIC AND HELPS TO EMPOWER THE
FAMILY.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: ANALYZING REF: DL. 9 TOP: INTEGRATED PROCESS: CARING MSC: CLIENT NEEDS:
PSYCHOSOCIAL INTEGRITY
15. THE NURSE IS AWARE THAT WHICH AGE GROUP IS AT RISK FOR CHILDHOOD INJURY BECAUSE
OF THE COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGICAL AND EGOCENTRIC THINKING?
A. PRESCHOOL
B. YOUNG SCHOOL AGE
C. MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE
D. ADOLESCENT
ANS: A
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN HAVE THE COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGICAL AND EGOCENTRIC
THINKING, MEANING
THEY ARE UNABLE TO COMPREHEND DANGER TO SELF OR OTHERS. YOUNG AND MIDDLE SCHOOL-AGED
CHILDREN HAVE TRANSITIONAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES, AND THEY MAY ATTEMPT DANGEROUS ACTS
WITHOUT DETAILED PLANNING BUT RECOGNIZE DANGER TO THEMSELVES OR OTHERS. ADOLESCENTS
