6) Which of the following best describes a conceptual scheme in science that is strongly supported, has not
TEST BANK ANIMAL DIVERSITY 9/E CLEVELAND yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations?
HICKMAN COMPLETE UPDATED 2025 A) A scientific paradigm
B) Descriptive research
Chapter 01 9e C) A scientific theory
D) Experimental results
1) A characteristic of science is that
A) it is not explained by natural laws.
B) its hypotheses are testable.
7) Attempting to understand proximate or immediate causes in Biology requires this type of approach:
C) its conclusions are final.
A) Evolutionary.
D) it is not falsifiable.
B) Descriptive.
E) it seeks to define the vitalistic forces of life.
C) Theoretical.
D) Experimental.
2) During the creation court case in Arkansas, Judge Overton defined the essential properties of science.
Which statement is NOT true about science?
8) What is the goal of using the experimental method to investigate proximate causes in biology?
A) Science is concerned about understanding the natural world.
A) To disprove biological principles or theories.
B) Science approaches data in a personal or subjective manner.
B) To test our understanding of a biological system.
C) Conclusions of science are subject to change based on new findings.
C) To better mankind by inventing something unique.
D) Science establishes hypotheses that have the potential to be tested and disproved.
D) To prove or disprove the existence of God.
3) Much of science is based on an approach known as the __________ method.
9) To have a frame of reference against which to compare experimental findings, a scientist must
A) natural
A) study two groups: a control group and an experimental group.
B) inductive-deductive
B) eliminate all expectations that might cause a biased interpretation of the results.
C) hypothetical
C) have other scientists look at the results.
D) hypothetico-deductive
D) do nothing; a "frame of reference" is not necessary.
10) You are in your first week of student teaching and are preparing a question for your students concerning
experimental design for a science laboratory. Which of the following statements would you hope your
4) What is a hypothesis?
students choose as NOT correct regarding experimental design?
A) A tentative statement, based on information or data, that explains a large number of
A) All conditions are held the same except for the condition being tested for in the experimental
observations and guides experimentation.
group.
B) A report of the findings of scientific experiments.
B) It is best to use identical subjects (except for the treatment in the experimental group) in order
C) A general statement made to infer a specific conclusion, often in an "if . . . then" format.
to reduce the uncontrolled factors.
D) Using isolated facts to reach a general idea that may explain a phenomenon.
C) The condition being tested in an experiment is the "control."
5) Which statement about a hypothesis is NOT correct?
D) Statistical comparisons are made between groups to determine if any difference is beyond
A) Experiments or observations are conducted to test a hypothesis.
random chance.
B) A hypothesis can be tested many times using different methods.
C) Data that support a hypothesis actually prove it to be true.
D) If data from experimentation does not lend support to a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be
rejected or revised.
1 2
,11) In your study group you have been asked to explain the difference between control and experimental 15) Which of the following questions addresses an ultimate cause in biology that could be studied using the
groups. Which statement give below provides the best description of a control group? comparative method?
A) A group with the condition that is being tested. A) How does an animal maintain a constant body temperature in different environmental
B) A non-random sample taken through all experimental steps. conditions?
C) A variable that is being deliberately varied in the experiment. B) What are the evolutionary factors that caused some species of birds to acquire complex
D) A group that lacks the disturbance experienced by the experimental group. patterns of seasonal migration between North and South America?
C) What are the environmental factors that signal the birds of a particular species to begin their
seasonal migration?
12) Some ecologists study complex interactions of animals and plants in forests. Such field research produces D) What are the receptors for geomagnetism in Monarch butterflies?
slightly different results for different researchers. In contrast, ecology experiments performed indoors with 16) The theory of evolution, along with all other theories in science A) has been proven in a mathematical
one organism in a terrarium usually produce results that are repeatable. What is the most likely sense.
explanation? B) is mere speculation.
A) The scientific method is only useful in laboratory settings. C) is testable, tentative, and potentially falsifiable.
B) It is not possible to establish a control group outside of a laboratory. D) is so powerful that no conceivable evidence could possibly refute it.
C) It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory.
D) Fieldwork is evolutionary; laboratory work is experimental.
13) A person goes around banging a drum each day. You ask him why. He replies, "To drive off the tigers!" 17) The theory that all forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages
You reply "But there aren't any tigers around here." He replies, "See, it works!" constitutes Darwin's theory of A) perpetual change.
From a science viewpoint, this conclusion B) common descent.
A) is science because it is predictive of what will happen tomorrow morning. C) multiplication of species.
B) is scientifically valid because there is probably a connection between loud noise and absence of D) natural selection.
tigers.
C) is not valid unless there is the potential for tigers to be here, or a test is run with tigers.
D) cannot be scientifically treated because it involves human behavior. 18) The principle of natural selection is founded in which of the following statements? A) Organisms vary and
some variations provide an advantage for survival.
B) All organisms tend to overproduce their kind.
14) From Missouri to central Ohio to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins C) There is a struggle for existence among varying organisms in a population.
("cottonmouth snakes") in their farm ponds. Many have "seen them" although they are not so foolish as to D) All of the choices are correct.
try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the wildlife officers and the range maps in the herpetology books say
that cottonmouths do not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue?
A) Observations by both the public and the fish and game officers are subjective so this is not 19) The statement that the large anatomical differences that separate the major groups of animals originated
possible to resolve objectively. through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over long periods of time illustrates Darwin's
B) A field trip to the pond locations to capture and confirm the identity of the snakes would settle theory of A) perpetual change.
the matter. B) multiplication of species.
C) Scientific books with range maps are based on field research and, therefore, determine the truth C) gradualism.
in this case. D) All of the choices are correct.
D) Because living organisms are active, scientific theories in biology always change and the older
books are therefore wrong.
20) Which of these is a variation of form, function, or behavior that promotes the likelihood of a species'
continued existence?
3 4
,A) Evolution
B) Metabolism
C) Adaptation
D) Homeostasis 21) What was the major obstacle that Darwin's theory of natural selection faced when first
proposed in 1859?
A) It lacked a valid theory of heredity.
B) It was unable to explain adaptation.
C) It could not explain the origins of new anatomical structures.
D) It required unreasonably long periods of time to operate.
22) A group within an experimental design that is subjected to all the conditions except the
experimental variable is called the __________ .
23) A broad concept in science that is strongly supported by many forms of evidence, is
accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists, and has not yet been found to be
incorrect is a __________ .
24) Physiological sciences ask questions about the __________ causes underlying a
biological system whereas the evolutionary sciences ask questions about the ultimate
causes that have produced the system.
25) Religious groups formerly proclaiming their views under the banner "creation-science"
have renamed their arguments "__________ __________ __________ " in an attempt to
gain credibility.
26) Explain Darwinian evolution as an emergent property of the population level of biological
organization.
27) Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of
evolution.
true
false
5 Version 1 6
, 28) Which statements given below correctly describe the origins of Darwinian evolutionary true
theory? false
A) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is credited with proposing the first complete
hypothesis for evolution. His hypothesis is still favored today.
B) Charles Lyell was a geologist that contributed the idea of uniformitarianism 33) Which statements provided below accurately describe microevolution?
which has two major assumptions. First, the laws of chemistry and physics A) The different alleles present for any one gene locus represent the gene pool.
are constant and second that geological processes occur by natural events. B) The different alleles present for any one gene locus are described as
C) Charles Darwin was NOT the first person to propose that living things have polymorphisms.
been shaped by evolutionary change. C) Use of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows us to predict the ratios of
D) Darwin's primarily Arctic voyage is credited with providing him the genotypes and phenotypes that should occur in the next generation.
specimens and data to assemble his theory of evolution. D) Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows us to pinpoint when
and how evolution is occurring.
29) The fossil record is incomplete for animals which poses a major challenge to evolutionary
theory. true false 34) The field of macroevolution considers evolution on a grand scale and encompasses the
origins of new structures and designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation,
phylogenetic relationships of species, and mass extinctions.
30) Which statements given below provide evidence for Darwin's theory of Evolution? true
A) The law of stratigraphy, from the discipline of Geology, has allowed for the false
relative dating of rocks.
B) Radiometric dating strategies provide approximations of fossil ages based on
the decay of naturally occurring elements. 35) Which statements given below provide correct descriptions of macroevolution?
C) When studying evolutionary trends in the fossil record scientists regularly A) Mass extinctions primarily kill off plant life leaving animal numbers virtually
demonstrate superiority of more recent animals when compared with unchanged.
ancestral species. B) Following a mass extinction, when one species has an advantage over another
D) Darwin's theory of evolution is based on common descent. One testable species, for survival, we call it catastrophic species selection.
aspect of this hypothesis is the ability of scientists to trace back the history of C) Over time, any species ultimately has two possible evolutionary fates: it may
all modern species. give rise to new species or become extinct without leaving descendants. D)
None of the choices is correct.
31) Darwin’s theory of evolution failed to correctly identify a mechanism for inheritance.
This was later 'fixed' by a German biologist named August Weismann who provided data 36) Which of the following sequences best illustrates our understanding of evolutionary
demonstrating that modifications of an organism are not passed on to the offspring of the theory?
organism. true false A) Darwian evolutionary theory, Neo-Darwinism which incorporates our
understanding of genetics & chromosome segregation into gametes into our
understanding of evolution, and the Chromosomal theory of inheritance
32) Microevolution is described as the study of changes in frequencies of variant forms of which includes revisions by August Weismann.
genes within individuals and species. B) Darwian evolutionary theory, Neo-Darwinism through revisions by August
Weismann, and the Chromosomal theory of inheritance which incorporates
Version 1 7 Version 1 8
TEST BANK ANIMAL DIVERSITY 9/E CLEVELAND yet been found incorrect, and is based on the results of many observations?
HICKMAN COMPLETE UPDATED 2025 A) A scientific paradigm
B) Descriptive research
Chapter 01 9e C) A scientific theory
D) Experimental results
1) A characteristic of science is that
A) it is not explained by natural laws.
B) its hypotheses are testable.
7) Attempting to understand proximate or immediate causes in Biology requires this type of approach:
C) its conclusions are final.
A) Evolutionary.
D) it is not falsifiable.
B) Descriptive.
E) it seeks to define the vitalistic forces of life.
C) Theoretical.
D) Experimental.
2) During the creation court case in Arkansas, Judge Overton defined the essential properties of science.
Which statement is NOT true about science?
8) What is the goal of using the experimental method to investigate proximate causes in biology?
A) Science is concerned about understanding the natural world.
A) To disprove biological principles or theories.
B) Science approaches data in a personal or subjective manner.
B) To test our understanding of a biological system.
C) Conclusions of science are subject to change based on new findings.
C) To better mankind by inventing something unique.
D) Science establishes hypotheses that have the potential to be tested and disproved.
D) To prove or disprove the existence of God.
3) Much of science is based on an approach known as the __________ method.
9) To have a frame of reference against which to compare experimental findings, a scientist must
A) natural
A) study two groups: a control group and an experimental group.
B) inductive-deductive
B) eliminate all expectations that might cause a biased interpretation of the results.
C) hypothetical
C) have other scientists look at the results.
D) hypothetico-deductive
D) do nothing; a "frame of reference" is not necessary.
10) You are in your first week of student teaching and are preparing a question for your students concerning
experimental design for a science laboratory. Which of the following statements would you hope your
4) What is a hypothesis?
students choose as NOT correct regarding experimental design?
A) A tentative statement, based on information or data, that explains a large number of
A) All conditions are held the same except for the condition being tested for in the experimental
observations and guides experimentation.
group.
B) A report of the findings of scientific experiments.
B) It is best to use identical subjects (except for the treatment in the experimental group) in order
C) A general statement made to infer a specific conclusion, often in an "if . . . then" format.
to reduce the uncontrolled factors.
D) Using isolated facts to reach a general idea that may explain a phenomenon.
C) The condition being tested in an experiment is the "control."
5) Which statement about a hypothesis is NOT correct?
D) Statistical comparisons are made between groups to determine if any difference is beyond
A) Experiments or observations are conducted to test a hypothesis.
random chance.
B) A hypothesis can be tested many times using different methods.
C) Data that support a hypothesis actually prove it to be true.
D) If data from experimentation does not lend support to a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be
rejected or revised.
1 2
,11) In your study group you have been asked to explain the difference between control and experimental 15) Which of the following questions addresses an ultimate cause in biology that could be studied using the
groups. Which statement give below provides the best description of a control group? comparative method?
A) A group with the condition that is being tested. A) How does an animal maintain a constant body temperature in different environmental
B) A non-random sample taken through all experimental steps. conditions?
C) A variable that is being deliberately varied in the experiment. B) What are the evolutionary factors that caused some species of birds to acquire complex
D) A group that lacks the disturbance experienced by the experimental group. patterns of seasonal migration between North and South America?
C) What are the environmental factors that signal the birds of a particular species to begin their
seasonal migration?
12) Some ecologists study complex interactions of animals and plants in forests. Such field research produces D) What are the receptors for geomagnetism in Monarch butterflies?
slightly different results for different researchers. In contrast, ecology experiments performed indoors with 16) The theory of evolution, along with all other theories in science A) has been proven in a mathematical
one organism in a terrarium usually produce results that are repeatable. What is the most likely sense.
explanation? B) is mere speculation.
A) The scientific method is only useful in laboratory settings. C) is testable, tentative, and potentially falsifiable.
B) It is not possible to establish a control group outside of a laboratory. D) is so powerful that no conceivable evidence could possibly refute it.
C) It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory.
D) Fieldwork is evolutionary; laboratory work is experimental.
13) A person goes around banging a drum each day. You ask him why. He replies, "To drive off the tigers!" 17) The theory that all forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages
You reply "But there aren't any tigers around here." He replies, "See, it works!" constitutes Darwin's theory of A) perpetual change.
From a science viewpoint, this conclusion B) common descent.
A) is science because it is predictive of what will happen tomorrow morning. C) multiplication of species.
B) is scientifically valid because there is probably a connection between loud noise and absence of D) natural selection.
tigers.
C) is not valid unless there is the potential for tigers to be here, or a test is run with tigers.
D) cannot be scientifically treated because it involves human behavior. 18) The principle of natural selection is founded in which of the following statements? A) Organisms vary and
some variations provide an advantage for survival.
B) All organisms tend to overproduce their kind.
14) From Missouri to central Ohio to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins C) There is a struggle for existence among varying organisms in a population.
("cottonmouth snakes") in their farm ponds. Many have "seen them" although they are not so foolish as to D) All of the choices are correct.
try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the wildlife officers and the range maps in the herpetology books say
that cottonmouths do not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue?
A) Observations by both the public and the fish and game officers are subjective so this is not 19) The statement that the large anatomical differences that separate the major groups of animals originated
possible to resolve objectively. through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over long periods of time illustrates Darwin's
B) A field trip to the pond locations to capture and confirm the identity of the snakes would settle theory of A) perpetual change.
the matter. B) multiplication of species.
C) Scientific books with range maps are based on field research and, therefore, determine the truth C) gradualism.
in this case. D) All of the choices are correct.
D) Because living organisms are active, scientific theories in biology always change and the older
books are therefore wrong.
20) Which of these is a variation of form, function, or behavior that promotes the likelihood of a species'
continued existence?
3 4
,A) Evolution
B) Metabolism
C) Adaptation
D) Homeostasis 21) What was the major obstacle that Darwin's theory of natural selection faced when first
proposed in 1859?
A) It lacked a valid theory of heredity.
B) It was unable to explain adaptation.
C) It could not explain the origins of new anatomical structures.
D) It required unreasonably long periods of time to operate.
22) A group within an experimental design that is subjected to all the conditions except the
experimental variable is called the __________ .
23) A broad concept in science that is strongly supported by many forms of evidence, is
accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists, and has not yet been found to be
incorrect is a __________ .
24) Physiological sciences ask questions about the __________ causes underlying a
biological system whereas the evolutionary sciences ask questions about the ultimate
causes that have produced the system.
25) Religious groups formerly proclaiming their views under the banner "creation-science"
have renamed their arguments "__________ __________ __________ " in an attempt to
gain credibility.
26) Explain Darwinian evolution as an emergent property of the population level of biological
organization.
27) Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of
evolution.
true
false
5 Version 1 6
, 28) Which statements given below correctly describe the origins of Darwinian evolutionary true
theory? false
A) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck is credited with proposing the first complete
hypothesis for evolution. His hypothesis is still favored today.
B) Charles Lyell was a geologist that contributed the idea of uniformitarianism 33) Which statements provided below accurately describe microevolution?
which has two major assumptions. First, the laws of chemistry and physics A) The different alleles present for any one gene locus represent the gene pool.
are constant and second that geological processes occur by natural events. B) The different alleles present for any one gene locus are described as
C) Charles Darwin was NOT the first person to propose that living things have polymorphisms.
been shaped by evolutionary change. C) Use of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows us to predict the ratios of
D) Darwin's primarily Arctic voyage is credited with providing him the genotypes and phenotypes that should occur in the next generation.
specimens and data to assemble his theory of evolution. D) Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium allows us to pinpoint when
and how evolution is occurring.
29) The fossil record is incomplete for animals which poses a major challenge to evolutionary
theory. true false 34) The field of macroevolution considers evolution on a grand scale and encompasses the
origins of new structures and designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation,
phylogenetic relationships of species, and mass extinctions.
30) Which statements given below provide evidence for Darwin's theory of Evolution? true
A) The law of stratigraphy, from the discipline of Geology, has allowed for the false
relative dating of rocks.
B) Radiometric dating strategies provide approximations of fossil ages based on
the decay of naturally occurring elements. 35) Which statements given below provide correct descriptions of macroevolution?
C) When studying evolutionary trends in the fossil record scientists regularly A) Mass extinctions primarily kill off plant life leaving animal numbers virtually
demonstrate superiority of more recent animals when compared with unchanged.
ancestral species. B) Following a mass extinction, when one species has an advantage over another
D) Darwin's theory of evolution is based on common descent. One testable species, for survival, we call it catastrophic species selection.
aspect of this hypothesis is the ability of scientists to trace back the history of C) Over time, any species ultimately has two possible evolutionary fates: it may
all modern species. give rise to new species or become extinct without leaving descendants. D)
None of the choices is correct.
31) Darwin’s theory of evolution failed to correctly identify a mechanism for inheritance.
This was later 'fixed' by a German biologist named August Weismann who provided data 36) Which of the following sequences best illustrates our understanding of evolutionary
demonstrating that modifications of an organism are not passed on to the offspring of the theory?
organism. true false A) Darwian evolutionary theory, Neo-Darwinism which incorporates our
understanding of genetics & chromosome segregation into gametes into our
understanding of evolution, and the Chromosomal theory of inheritance
32) Microevolution is described as the study of changes in frequencies of variant forms of which includes revisions by August Weismann.
genes within individuals and species. B) Darwian evolutionary theory, Neo-Darwinism through revisions by August
Weismann, and the Chromosomal theory of inheritance which incorporates
Version 1 7 Version 1 8
