UMN GCD 3022 Exam 1
Self-fertilization - answer pollen and egg from same plant
cross-fertilization - answer pollen and egg from different plants
male gamete - answer produced in pollen in anthers
female gamete - answer produced within ovules in the ovaries
single-factor cross – answer Mattings looking at 1 character
genes - answer unit of heredity
alleles - answer different versions of a gene
genotype - answer allelic composition
phenotype - answer outward expression of genotype
probability = - answer# of times outcome occurs / total # of possible outcomes
larger sample size - answermore closely results will match expected outcomes
product rule - answerprobability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is
the product of their individual probabilities
chi square test - answercloseness of observed data to predicted data
p < 0.05 - answerwhen to reject null hypothesis
wild-type allele - answermost prevalent version of a gene in wild populations, usually
one is sufficient for full function
genetic polymorphism - answermore than one common allele that is wild-type
mutant allele - answerless common version of a gene, usually less functional proteins
dominant mutant alleles - answeralleles that exert effects on phenotype in just one copy
three types of dominant mutant alleles - answergain-of-function, dominant-negative,
haploinsufficiency
, gain-of-function - answergene gains a new or abnormal function, higher levels of protein
produced (overexpressed)
dominant-negative - answermutant protein acts to antagonize the normal protein
haploinsufficiency - answermutant is a loss-of-function allele (one wild-type allele is not
enough to provide function)
incomplete penetrance - answermutant genotype does not always produce the
expected phenotype
variable expressivity - answerindividuals with the same genotype may have different
phenotypes (low or high)
incomplete dominance - answerheterozygote exhibits intermediate phenotype (1:2:1
ratio)
overdominance - answerheterozygote has greater repro success than either
homozygote
sickle cell anemia - answeroverdominance example
disease resistance, subunit composition of proteins, differences in protein function -
answer3 explanations for overdominance (at the molecular/cellular level)
codominance - answerboth genes expressed
essential genes - answergenes required for survival
lethal allele - answerone that has the potential to cause the death of an organism,
usually the result of mutations, usually recessive, often prevent cell division
conditional lethal alleles - answerkill only under certain environmental conditions
chromosomes - answerstructures that contain genetic material
chromatin - answerDNA-protein complex (in eukaryotes)
prokaryotes - answerbacteria, archaea
eukaryotes - answerprotists, fungi, plants, animals
eukaryotes have - answernucleus, 2+ chromosomes, membrane-bound organelles
diploid - answertwo sets of chromosomes
Self-fertilization - answer pollen and egg from same plant
cross-fertilization - answer pollen and egg from different plants
male gamete - answer produced in pollen in anthers
female gamete - answer produced within ovules in the ovaries
single-factor cross – answer Mattings looking at 1 character
genes - answer unit of heredity
alleles - answer different versions of a gene
genotype - answer allelic composition
phenotype - answer outward expression of genotype
probability = - answer# of times outcome occurs / total # of possible outcomes
larger sample size - answermore closely results will match expected outcomes
product rule - answerprobability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is
the product of their individual probabilities
chi square test - answercloseness of observed data to predicted data
p < 0.05 - answerwhen to reject null hypothesis
wild-type allele - answermost prevalent version of a gene in wild populations, usually
one is sufficient for full function
genetic polymorphism - answermore than one common allele that is wild-type
mutant allele - answerless common version of a gene, usually less functional proteins
dominant mutant alleles - answeralleles that exert effects on phenotype in just one copy
three types of dominant mutant alleles - answergain-of-function, dominant-negative,
haploinsufficiency
, gain-of-function - answergene gains a new or abnormal function, higher levels of protein
produced (overexpressed)
dominant-negative - answermutant protein acts to antagonize the normal protein
haploinsufficiency - answermutant is a loss-of-function allele (one wild-type allele is not
enough to provide function)
incomplete penetrance - answermutant genotype does not always produce the
expected phenotype
variable expressivity - answerindividuals with the same genotype may have different
phenotypes (low or high)
incomplete dominance - answerheterozygote exhibits intermediate phenotype (1:2:1
ratio)
overdominance - answerheterozygote has greater repro success than either
homozygote
sickle cell anemia - answeroverdominance example
disease resistance, subunit composition of proteins, differences in protein function -
answer3 explanations for overdominance (at the molecular/cellular level)
codominance - answerboth genes expressed
essential genes - answergenes required for survival
lethal allele - answerone that has the potential to cause the death of an organism,
usually the result of mutations, usually recessive, often prevent cell division
conditional lethal alleles - answerkill only under certain environmental conditions
chromosomes - answerstructures that contain genetic material
chromatin - answerDNA-protein complex (in eukaryotes)
prokaryotes - answerbacteria, archaea
eukaryotes - answerprotists, fungi, plants, animals
eukaryotes have - answernucleus, 2+ chromosomes, membrane-bound organelles
diploid - answertwo sets of chromosomes
