Behavioural neurosciences
Lecture van der Zee 03-02-2020
Chapter 1 & 7 (p180-193)
Four lobes:
• Frontal lobe: planning, personality
• Temporal lobe: memory storage
• Parietal lobe: info body, how you feel,
awareness
• Occipital lobe: sight
Gyrus: hill, spaghetti
Sulcus: groove
You can’t say anything about the brain by its shape
Examples of localized function in the cerebrum:
• Broca’s area: motor aphasia: if you can’t speak properly
• Wernicke’s area: sensory aphasia: if you do not understand language
Brain imaging:
• CT scan: activity (no detail)
• MRI scan: morphology
• PET scan: activity of the brain
• fMRI scan: morphology and activity
Psycopaths usually have lesse activity in the orbital cortex (first figure)
Dorsal part of the brain is different in
human brain than in human body.
Dorsal in brain: upper site. Dorsal in body:
back
,Grey matter: cell body and dendrites (organized in
layers in mammals)
White matter: exons with myelin → more in a
bigger brain
Glial cells: other type of brain cells next to neurons
Ventricular system in the brain
• Lateral ventricles
• 3rd ventricle
• 4th ventricle
Production of brain fluid (CSF): 500 ml/day
Volume ventricles: 150 ml
Replacement of CSF about 3 times a day
Nissl staining: colouring of proteins so the brain material can be analysed
Golgi staining: staining of neurons, also dendrites are visible
If you learn new things, new spines are formed on the dendrites. If the spines are longer
they are less functional
Neurites: collective name for axons and dendrites
Neurons can by unipolar, bipolar or multipolar.
• Unipolar: 1 dendrite
• Bipolar: 2 dendrites
• Multipolar: more than 2 dendrites
Lecture Havekes 04-02-2020
Chapter 24 (p824, 825, 828-830,838,841-845,847)
Patient H.M.: cracked skull → serve seizures, blackouts and loss of bodily functions →
dropped out of school → Dr. William Skoville removed hippocampus → no seizures, IQ
improved, loss of memories (retrograde memory), unable to form new memories
(anterograde meories)
Three stages of a memory:
• Memory acquisition: new information
• Memory storage: retaining memory in the brain
• Memory retrieval: re-accessing the memories
Delayed nonmatching to sample test in monkeys → damage in medial temporal lobe it is
harder to do this test
, Explicit memories: conscious memories, remembering facts
Implicit memories: unconscious memories, the benefits of prior experience
Major scientific contributions of H.M.
• Medial temporal lobes critical for memory
• STM, LTM and remote memory (discussed later)
• H.M. had severe memory consolidation problems for certain for forms of memory
• Memories may exist but could not be recalled
Clive wearing: the man with no memory
• Damage hippocami affected his explicit memories
• Memory for facts as short as a few seconds
• Does not recall ever seeing a doctor or receiving treatment
• Does remember his wife (only person)
• Can read music and play piano very well
• Knows that a ring of the doorbell means that there is someone at the door
Korsakoff’s syndrome
• Commonly seen in severe alcoholics
• Lack of vitamin B
• Characterized by amnesia, confusion, personality changes, and physical problems
o Early stages: anterograde amnesia for episodic memories
o Later stages: severe retrograde amnesia develops
• New memories disappear faster than the older memories
Retrograde memories: memories from the past like your youth
Anterograde memories: memories of things related to now, like this course
Amnesia of Alzheimer’s disease
• AD begins with slight loss of memory and progresses to dementia
• General deficits in predementia AD
o Major anterograde and retrograde amnesia in explicit memory tests
o Deficts in STM and some types of implicit memory: verbal and perceptual
• Implicit sensorimotor memory is intact
• If you notice that you lose memory, you might have already lost 20-25% of the
brain cells
• The medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are also involved
• Damage is diffuse: the resulting amnesia is likely a consequence of acetylcholine
depletion and brain damage
Amnesia after concussion:
• Posttraumatic amnesia: concussions may cause retrograde amnesia for the
period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia afterwards
o Retrograde amnesia: temporary failure of memory storage and retrieval
o Anterograde amnesia: suggests a temporary failure of memory storage
Lecture van der Zee 03-02-2020
Chapter 1 & 7 (p180-193)
Four lobes:
• Frontal lobe: planning, personality
• Temporal lobe: memory storage
• Parietal lobe: info body, how you feel,
awareness
• Occipital lobe: sight
Gyrus: hill, spaghetti
Sulcus: groove
You can’t say anything about the brain by its shape
Examples of localized function in the cerebrum:
• Broca’s area: motor aphasia: if you can’t speak properly
• Wernicke’s area: sensory aphasia: if you do not understand language
Brain imaging:
• CT scan: activity (no detail)
• MRI scan: morphology
• PET scan: activity of the brain
• fMRI scan: morphology and activity
Psycopaths usually have lesse activity in the orbital cortex (first figure)
Dorsal part of the brain is different in
human brain than in human body.
Dorsal in brain: upper site. Dorsal in body:
back
,Grey matter: cell body and dendrites (organized in
layers in mammals)
White matter: exons with myelin → more in a
bigger brain
Glial cells: other type of brain cells next to neurons
Ventricular system in the brain
• Lateral ventricles
• 3rd ventricle
• 4th ventricle
Production of brain fluid (CSF): 500 ml/day
Volume ventricles: 150 ml
Replacement of CSF about 3 times a day
Nissl staining: colouring of proteins so the brain material can be analysed
Golgi staining: staining of neurons, also dendrites are visible
If you learn new things, new spines are formed on the dendrites. If the spines are longer
they are less functional
Neurites: collective name for axons and dendrites
Neurons can by unipolar, bipolar or multipolar.
• Unipolar: 1 dendrite
• Bipolar: 2 dendrites
• Multipolar: more than 2 dendrites
Lecture Havekes 04-02-2020
Chapter 24 (p824, 825, 828-830,838,841-845,847)
Patient H.M.: cracked skull → serve seizures, blackouts and loss of bodily functions →
dropped out of school → Dr. William Skoville removed hippocampus → no seizures, IQ
improved, loss of memories (retrograde memory), unable to form new memories
(anterograde meories)
Three stages of a memory:
• Memory acquisition: new information
• Memory storage: retaining memory in the brain
• Memory retrieval: re-accessing the memories
Delayed nonmatching to sample test in monkeys → damage in medial temporal lobe it is
harder to do this test
, Explicit memories: conscious memories, remembering facts
Implicit memories: unconscious memories, the benefits of prior experience
Major scientific contributions of H.M.
• Medial temporal lobes critical for memory
• STM, LTM and remote memory (discussed later)
• H.M. had severe memory consolidation problems for certain for forms of memory
• Memories may exist but could not be recalled
Clive wearing: the man with no memory
• Damage hippocami affected his explicit memories
• Memory for facts as short as a few seconds
• Does not recall ever seeing a doctor or receiving treatment
• Does remember his wife (only person)
• Can read music and play piano very well
• Knows that a ring of the doorbell means that there is someone at the door
Korsakoff’s syndrome
• Commonly seen in severe alcoholics
• Lack of vitamin B
• Characterized by amnesia, confusion, personality changes, and physical problems
o Early stages: anterograde amnesia for episodic memories
o Later stages: severe retrograde amnesia develops
• New memories disappear faster than the older memories
Retrograde memories: memories from the past like your youth
Anterograde memories: memories of things related to now, like this course
Amnesia of Alzheimer’s disease
• AD begins with slight loss of memory and progresses to dementia
• General deficits in predementia AD
o Major anterograde and retrograde amnesia in explicit memory tests
o Deficts in STM and some types of implicit memory: verbal and perceptual
• Implicit sensorimotor memory is intact
• If you notice that you lose memory, you might have already lost 20-25% of the
brain cells
• The medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are also involved
• Damage is diffuse: the resulting amnesia is likely a consequence of acetylcholine
depletion and brain damage
Amnesia after concussion:
• Posttraumatic amnesia: concussions may cause retrograde amnesia for the
period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia afterwards
o Retrograde amnesia: temporary failure of memory storage and retrieval
o Anterograde amnesia: suggests a temporary failure of memory storage
