NSC Bloodborne & Airborne Pathogens (Chapter
13) Verified Practice Questions with A+ Answers |
Final Exam Guide FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent
quizzes)
Microbiome - Collection of microorganisms that inhabits a specific habitat, such as a
human body.
Pathogen - Disease-causing agent
Hydrothermal vent - Underwater opening from which mineral-rich water heated by
geothermal energy streams out.
3 Hypotheses about the source of the organic building blocks for Earth's first life - 1.
Lightning fueled atmospheric reactions
2. Delivery from space via meteorites
3. Reactions at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Stanley Miller - Hypothesized that lightning fueled atmospheric reactions could produce
simple organic compounds.
Iron-sulfur world hypothesis - Hypothesis that life began in rocks rich in iron sulfide near
deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
Protocell - Membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules; hypothesized to
have formed prior to the earliest cells.
RNA world hypothesis - Hypothesis that RNA served as the first material of inheritance
Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel - proposed the RNA world hypothesis
Endosymbiont hypothesis - hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from
free-living bacteria that entered and lived inside another cell.
Ozone layer - Atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that prevents much
UV radiation from reaching Earth's surface.
Stromatolites - Dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells and
sediments; forms in shallow seas.
, Virus - A noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat and a genome of RNA or DNA;
replicates only in living cells.
Bacteriophage (phages) - non-enveloped virus that infects bacteria
disease vector - organism that carries a pathogen from one host to the next.
viral envelope - a layer of cell membrane derived from the host cell in which an
enveloped virus was produced.
Viral replication cycle - 1. virus attaches to an appropriate host cell by binding to a
specific protein in the host's plasma membrane
2. Then the viral genome or another viral component enters into the cell
3. The Viral genes take over a host's cellular machinery
4. viral components self-assemble to form new viral particles
5. These particles are released from the infectious cell when the cell bursts, or they may bud
from the host cell taking pieces of the plasma membrane with them.
Bacteriophage replication - 1. starts when a bacteriophage attaches to a bacterial cell and
injects its DNA
- Pathway 1: injected host produces viral components that self-assemble as virus particles. Then
a viral encoded enzyme breaks down the host's cell wall, this kills the cell and releases the viral
particles into the environment
- Pathway 2: DNA becomes integrated into the host cell's genome and viral genes are not
immediately expressed. When the cell reproduces, viral DNA is copied and passed to the cell's
descendants along with the host's genome. Now it awaits entering the lytic pathway to
replicate.
Plant Virus - non-enveloped with a helical structure and a genome of single-stranded
RNA.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) - Enveloped RNA virus that causes AIDS and
replicates inside human white blood cells. Infected non-human primates evolved in Africa
where it made its way to Haiti where it diversified.
Viral reassortment - two viruses of the same type infect an individual at the same time
and swap genes.
13) Verified Practice Questions with A+ Answers |
Final Exam Guide FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent
quizzes)
Microbiome - Collection of microorganisms that inhabits a specific habitat, such as a
human body.
Pathogen - Disease-causing agent
Hydrothermal vent - Underwater opening from which mineral-rich water heated by
geothermal energy streams out.
3 Hypotheses about the source of the organic building blocks for Earth's first life - 1.
Lightning fueled atmospheric reactions
2. Delivery from space via meteorites
3. Reactions at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Stanley Miller - Hypothesized that lightning fueled atmospheric reactions could produce
simple organic compounds.
Iron-sulfur world hypothesis - Hypothesis that life began in rocks rich in iron sulfide near
deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
Protocell - Membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules; hypothesized to
have formed prior to the earliest cells.
RNA world hypothesis - Hypothesis that RNA served as the first material of inheritance
Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel - proposed the RNA world hypothesis
Endosymbiont hypothesis - hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from
free-living bacteria that entered and lived inside another cell.
Ozone layer - Atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that prevents much
UV radiation from reaching Earth's surface.
Stromatolites - Dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells and
sediments; forms in shallow seas.
, Virus - A noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat and a genome of RNA or DNA;
replicates only in living cells.
Bacteriophage (phages) - non-enveloped virus that infects bacteria
disease vector - organism that carries a pathogen from one host to the next.
viral envelope - a layer of cell membrane derived from the host cell in which an
enveloped virus was produced.
Viral replication cycle - 1. virus attaches to an appropriate host cell by binding to a
specific protein in the host's plasma membrane
2. Then the viral genome or another viral component enters into the cell
3. The Viral genes take over a host's cellular machinery
4. viral components self-assemble to form new viral particles
5. These particles are released from the infectious cell when the cell bursts, or they may bud
from the host cell taking pieces of the plasma membrane with them.
Bacteriophage replication - 1. starts when a bacteriophage attaches to a bacterial cell and
injects its DNA
- Pathway 1: injected host produces viral components that self-assemble as virus particles. Then
a viral encoded enzyme breaks down the host's cell wall, this kills the cell and releases the viral
particles into the environment
- Pathway 2: DNA becomes integrated into the host cell's genome and viral genes are not
immediately expressed. When the cell reproduces, viral DNA is copied and passed to the cell's
descendants along with the host's genome. Now it awaits entering the lytic pathway to
replicate.
Plant Virus - non-enveloped with a helical structure and a genome of single-stranded
RNA.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) - Enveloped RNA virus that causes AIDS and
replicates inside human white blood cells. Infected non-human primates evolved in Africa
where it made its way to Haiti where it diversified.
Viral reassortment - two viruses of the same type infect an individual at the same time
and swap genes.
