5/28/25, 7:17 PM Nurs 6005 Mental Health Exam 3 (Final)
NURS 401 MIDTERM REAL EXAM \COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED ANSWERS \GRADED A+
Rating the Strength of a Body whether investigations with both similar and different
of Evidence Consistency: study designs report similar findings (requires
numerous studies)
the number of studies that have evaluated the
Rating the Strength of a Body
question, overall sample size across all studies,
of Evidence Quantity:
magnitude of the treatment effect, strength from
causality assessment, such as relative risk or odds
ratio
Rating the Strength of a Body the extent to which a study's design, conduct, and
of Evidence Quality: analysis has minimized selection, measurement, and
confounding biases (internal validity)
- Research evidence
- Clinical knowledge gained via the individual practitioner's
Evidence experience
- Patients' and practitioners' preferences
- Basic principles from logic and theory
- Evidence that is generated by outcomes management,
quality improvement, or EBP implementation projects
- Aimed at improving outcomes at the site where improvement
efforts are conducted
Internal Evidence
Quality Indicator Systems:
AHRQ National Healthcare
Quality Report National
Quality Forum (NQF)
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®)
1/4
1
,5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
- systematic
- objective
- deductive
- generalisable
- numbers
Quantitative approach to - Cause & effect
research - Fixed data gathering
- Uniform reporting style
- Hypotheses guide research
- Hierarchical
- systematic
- subjective
- inductive
- not generalisable
- words
Qualitative approach to - Meaning, understanding
research - Use of open ended questions
- Multiple reporting styles
- No prior assumptions, acknowledge and suspend bias
- nonhierarchical
- Qualitative research is usually placed near the bottom of
hierarchies of evidence
Hypothesis a specific prediction regarding the answers to the research
question
Variable an attribute which varies and to which numbers or values are
assigned
Independent variable That which is manipulated by the investigator in an experiment
Dependent variable a measurable outcome
Control variable the process of holding constant confounding influences on the
dependent variable
2/41
,5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
1. Intervention
2. Comparisons
3. Time
a. Cross sectional or Longitudinal
Elements of research designs
b.Retrospective or Prospective
4. Variables
Univariate or Multivariate
The Solomon four group test is a standard pretest-
posttest two-group design and the posttest only
control design. The various combinations of tested and
untested groups with treatment and control groups
allows the researcher to ensure that confounding
variables and extraneous factors have not
The Solomon four group test
influenced the results.
The main advantage to conducting an experimental
study that employs a Solomon four group design (i.e.,
an experiment that uses a before-after design for the fi
rst experimental and control groups and an after-
only design for the second
experimental and control groups; Polit & Beck, 2008) is
that it can separate the effects of pretesting the
subjects (i.e., gathering baseline measures) on the
outcome measure(s) (see Figure 1 7.9). Disadvantages
include the addition of subjects as well as costs for
increasing the size of the sample.
Whenever we are interested in examining treatment variations,
factorial designs
Factorial Designs should be strong candidates as the designs of choice.
Second, factorial designs are efficient. Instead of
conducting a series of independent studies we are
effectively
able to combine these studies into one. Finally, factorial
designs are the only effective way to examine
interaction effects.
3/41
, 5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
You make a few observations to establish a baseline, do
the intervention, and then make a few more
measurements. (Just how many observations you make
Time Series Design on either side of the intervention is determined by the
stability of the data. This will be covered in advanced
concepts.)
The major threat to the internal validity of the time series
is history. That is, a charge that the results obtained
would have occured with or without the experimental
intervention is difficult to defend with data from the simple Time
Series experiment.
- Social scientific term
Many different designs support conduct of a quasi-
experiment. Broadly, these designs can include the
simple quasi-experiment that mirrors the true
experiment,
but they typically do not use random assignment or a
Quasi Experimental Design comparison group. In addition, quasi-experiments use
less stringent control methods. Examples include the
repeated measures quasi-experiment, in which subjects
serve as their own controls and spend time receiving
both the traditional practice and the new intervention,
and the pretest/posttest quasi-experiment, which
typically uses different groups of patients at different
times. (See Chapter 17 for fi gures of quasi-
experimental designs.) The Health Outcomes Institute's
OM Model could be used to demonstrate this design,
with the pretest measurement derived from use of the
traditional
practice at baseline (Phase 1), and the posttest
measurement refl ecting adoption of the new
intervention (Phase 3; Wojner, 2001).
4/41
NURS 401 MIDTERM REAL EXAM \COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED ANSWERS \GRADED A+
Rating the Strength of a Body whether investigations with both similar and different
of Evidence Consistency: study designs report similar findings (requires
numerous studies)
the number of studies that have evaluated the
Rating the Strength of a Body
question, overall sample size across all studies,
of Evidence Quantity:
magnitude of the treatment effect, strength from
causality assessment, such as relative risk or odds
ratio
Rating the Strength of a Body the extent to which a study's design, conduct, and
of Evidence Quality: analysis has minimized selection, measurement, and
confounding biases (internal validity)
- Research evidence
- Clinical knowledge gained via the individual practitioner's
Evidence experience
- Patients' and practitioners' preferences
- Basic principles from logic and theory
- Evidence that is generated by outcomes management,
quality improvement, or EBP implementation projects
- Aimed at improving outcomes at the site where improvement
efforts are conducted
Internal Evidence
Quality Indicator Systems:
AHRQ National Healthcare
Quality Report National
Quality Forum (NQF)
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®)
1/4
1
,5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
- systematic
- objective
- deductive
- generalisable
- numbers
Quantitative approach to - Cause & effect
research - Fixed data gathering
- Uniform reporting style
- Hypotheses guide research
- Hierarchical
- systematic
- subjective
- inductive
- not generalisable
- words
Qualitative approach to - Meaning, understanding
research - Use of open ended questions
- Multiple reporting styles
- No prior assumptions, acknowledge and suspend bias
- nonhierarchical
- Qualitative research is usually placed near the bottom of
hierarchies of evidence
Hypothesis a specific prediction regarding the answers to the research
question
Variable an attribute which varies and to which numbers or values are
assigned
Independent variable That which is manipulated by the investigator in an experiment
Dependent variable a measurable outcome
Control variable the process of holding constant confounding influences on the
dependent variable
2/41
,5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
1. Intervention
2. Comparisons
3. Time
a. Cross sectional or Longitudinal
Elements of research designs
b.Retrospective or Prospective
4. Variables
Univariate or Multivariate
The Solomon four group test is a standard pretest-
posttest two-group design and the posttest only
control design. The various combinations of tested and
untested groups with treatment and control groups
allows the researcher to ensure that confounding
variables and extraneous factors have not
The Solomon four group test
influenced the results.
The main advantage to conducting an experimental
study that employs a Solomon four group design (i.e.,
an experiment that uses a before-after design for the fi
rst experimental and control groups and an after-
only design for the second
experimental and control groups; Polit & Beck, 2008) is
that it can separate the effects of pretesting the
subjects (i.e., gathering baseline measures) on the
outcome measure(s) (see Figure 1 7.9). Disadvantages
include the addition of subjects as well as costs for
increasing the size of the sample.
Whenever we are interested in examining treatment variations,
factorial designs
Factorial Designs should be strong candidates as the designs of choice.
Second, factorial designs are efficient. Instead of
conducting a series of independent studies we are
effectively
able to combine these studies into one. Finally, factorial
designs are the only effective way to examine
interaction effects.
3/41
, 5/28/25, 7:20 PM NUR401 - Midterm Exam
You make a few observations to establish a baseline, do
the intervention, and then make a few more
measurements. (Just how many observations you make
Time Series Design on either side of the intervention is determined by the
stability of the data. This will be covered in advanced
concepts.)
The major threat to the internal validity of the time series
is history. That is, a charge that the results obtained
would have occured with or without the experimental
intervention is difficult to defend with data from the simple Time
Series experiment.
- Social scientific term
Many different designs support conduct of a quasi-
experiment. Broadly, these designs can include the
simple quasi-experiment that mirrors the true
experiment,
but they typically do not use random assignment or a
Quasi Experimental Design comparison group. In addition, quasi-experiments use
less stringent control methods. Examples include the
repeated measures quasi-experiment, in which subjects
serve as their own controls and spend time receiving
both the traditional practice and the new intervention,
and the pretest/posttest quasi-experiment, which
typically uses different groups of patients at different
times. (See Chapter 17 for fi gures of quasi-
experimental designs.) The Health Outcomes Institute's
OM Model could be used to demonstrate this design,
with the pretest measurement derived from use of the
traditional
practice at baseline (Phase 1), and the posttest
measurement refl ecting adoption of the new
intervention (Phase 3; Wojner, 2001).
4/41
