PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
PNB 2264 EXAM 2 LATEST 2025-26 STUDY GUIDE/KEY
CONCEPTS UCONN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
(HIGH YEILD)
hinge joints
- concave surface articulating with a convex surface
- movement pair: flexion/extension
pivot joints
- cylinder shape rotates within a ring of bone or ligament
- movement: rotation
biaxial anatomy and functions
- condyloid and saddle
- 2 axes of rotation
- 2 movement pairs: flexion/extension + abduction/adduction
PLUS circumduction
condyloid joints
ovoid-shaped process articulate with a shallow cavity ex: wrist
(oval sticking out)
,PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
saddle joints
distinctly shaped articulating surfaces
ex: opposable thumbs are special to our evolution
triaxial joint anatomy and function
- ball and socket joint
- 3 axes of rotation/3 degrees of freedom
- movement pairs: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,
rotations + combined movement circumduction
ball and socket joints
- spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
- ex: shoulder and hip
nonaxial joints anatomy and function
,PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
- gliding joints
- no identifiable axes of rotation (gliding)
- slight gliding movements
- tiny bit of movement
gliding joints
- flat or nearly flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any
direction
- ex: sternocostal (ribs): slight bit of gliding for expansion of the
lungs as we breathe in and out
functions of bone/skeleton
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Allow movement / lever system
4. Storage depot for Ca and P salts
5. Hematopoiesis: making the cells of the blood
, PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
classes of the bone
1.) long bones: arm, leg
2.) short bones: square: feet, hand
3.) flat bones: flatter than round (protect brain or sternum)
4.) irregular bones: vertebra (bone shaped like an animal )
5.) sesamoid bone: form inside tendon (ex: patella)
gross structure of a long bone
1.) diaphysis
2.) metaphysis
3.) epiphysis
4.) marrow cavity (red: active or yellow: inactive)
compact bone: long bone
contains osteons, lamellae
PNB 2264 EXAM 2 LATEST 2025-26 STUDY GUIDE/KEY
CONCEPTS UCONN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
(HIGH YEILD)
hinge joints
- concave surface articulating with a convex surface
- movement pair: flexion/extension
pivot joints
- cylinder shape rotates within a ring of bone or ligament
- movement: rotation
biaxial anatomy and functions
- condyloid and saddle
- 2 axes of rotation
- 2 movement pairs: flexion/extension + abduction/adduction
PLUS circumduction
condyloid joints
ovoid-shaped process articulate with a shallow cavity ex: wrist
(oval sticking out)
,PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
saddle joints
distinctly shaped articulating surfaces
ex: opposable thumbs are special to our evolution
triaxial joint anatomy and function
- ball and socket joint
- 3 axes of rotation/3 degrees of freedom
- movement pairs: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,
rotations + combined movement circumduction
ball and socket joints
- spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
- ex: shoulder and hip
nonaxial joints anatomy and function
,PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
- gliding joints
- no identifiable axes of rotation (gliding)
- slight gliding movements
- tiny bit of movement
gliding joints
- flat or nearly flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any
direction
- ex: sternocostal (ribs): slight bit of gliding for expansion of the
lungs as we breathe in and out
functions of bone/skeleton
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Allow movement / lever system
4. Storage depot for Ca and P salts
5. Hematopoiesis: making the cells of the blood
, PNB 2264 Human Physiology and Anatomy
classes of the bone
1.) long bones: arm, leg
2.) short bones: square: feet, hand
3.) flat bones: flatter than round (protect brain or sternum)
4.) irregular bones: vertebra (bone shaped like an animal )
5.) sesamoid bone: form inside tendon (ex: patella)
gross structure of a long bone
1.) diaphysis
2.) metaphysis
3.) epiphysis
4.) marrow cavity (red: active or yellow: inactive)
compact bone: long bone
contains osteons, lamellae
