Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ANSobstructive
sleep apnea
work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of
serotonin and norepinephrine. - ANStri-cyclic anti-depressants
utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that
causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's
disease. - ANSdeep brain stimulation
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm.
The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm,
and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him
what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face
felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial
fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect
this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment
should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ANSThis patient is
more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed
to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a
hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are
within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports
of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of
seizure? - ANSfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness
A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that
has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty
with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic
insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a
nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ANSThe 4
primary symptoms of insomnia are:
Difficulty initiating sleep
Difficulty maintaining sleep
Waking up too early
Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep
You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to
evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep
hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the
same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during
the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature),
avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of
stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
,Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected?
- ANSCN VI
A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They
report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg.
They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As
the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their
words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness
disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has
experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ANSThis patient has experienced a
TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However,
this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in
the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for
prevention.
A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse
in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What
type of depression are they experiencing? - ANSmelancholic depression
Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection
are called the . - ANSmeninges
Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ANSstage 3
Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ANSDuring
this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it.
However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed
memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM
sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of
wakefulness.
Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ANSobesity
Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: -
ANSEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development
Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: -
ANSTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies
Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous
system except: - ANSthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division
Efferent neurons deliver input from the CNS to the periphery. - ANSmotor
,Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ANSThe
presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft
and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an
excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction.
Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - ANScan also be
called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary)
Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: -
ANSsleep apnea
T/F - Make true if False
Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood
from entering the brain. - ANStrue
T/F - Make true if False
The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of
onset is increasing in recent times. - ANSFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING
in recent times.
T/F - Make true if False
Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ANSfalse, vital signs DECREASE
during stage 1 of NREM sleep
T/F - Make true if False
Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ANSFalse,
wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease.
What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and
often goes unnoticed? - ANSabsence seizure
You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You
notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright
and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and
return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what
specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ANSgeneralized
absence seizure
You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have
difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an
example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ANSbradykinesia
, Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
Amorphous solids - ansparticles are arranged in a random fashion
Colligative properties - ansphysical properties of solvents that are dependent on the
concentration of the solute present and the identity of the solvent but not on the identity
of the solute. They include vapor pressure, freezing point and boiling point
Colloids - ansheterogeneous mixtures which appear to homogeneous one-phase
mixtures but are actually composed of particles too small to be seen with the naked eye
Condensation - ansprocess of gas being converted to liquid
Critical point - ansthe temperature above which a substance cannot exist in the liquid
phase
Critical pressure - ansthe lowest pressure required for the substance to exist as a liquid
at the critical point
Crystalline solids - ansparticles are arranged in one of several different orderly,
repeating, geometric patterns
Describe/define the Tyndall effect - ansColloids can be distinguished from solutions by
use of a beam of light which is scattered by colloids but passes un-scattered through a
solution, a result known as the Tyndall effect
Differentiate between a crystal lattice and a unit cell - ansA crystal lattice is the orderly,
repeating geometric pattern in which the particles of a crystalline solid are arranged.
The unit cell is the smallest section of the crystal lattice having that arrangement of
particles
Differentiate between evaporation and vaporization - ansVaporization is the conversion
of liquid particles to vapor at the boiling point temperature of the material. The process
of liquid converting to vapor molecules can also take place in a very limited manner at
temperatures lower than the boiling point and is called evaporation
Electrolytes - ansionic or very polar compounds which dissolve to form solutions of ions
which conduct an electric current
Explain how and why the presence of a solute affects the boiling point of a solvent -
ansThe presence of a solute raises the boiling point of a solvent by lowering the vapor
pressure of the solvent. With this lower vapor pressure, more heat (a higher boiling
point) is required to raise the vapor pressure to atmospheric pressure
exam|Already graded A+
is sleep disordered breathing caused by airway obstruction. - ANSobstructive
sleep apnea
work by blocking membrane receptors and the subsequent reuptake of
serotonin and norepinephrine. - ANStri-cyclic anti-depressants
utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that
causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson's
disease. - ANSdeep brain stimulation
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by their spouse at 8 pm.
The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm,
and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him
what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face
felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial
fibrillation. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect
this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment
should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. - ANSThis patient is
more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed
to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a
hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient should receive tPA drugs as they are
within the 3-4.5 hour treatment window.
A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports
of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of
seizure? - ANSfocal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness
A patient is being seen in your office with a primary complaint of daytime fatigue that
has lasted for the past 2 months. They go on to tell you that they are having difficulty
with work performance and are constantly on edge. You suspect they have chronic
insomnia. What are the 4 primary symptoms of insomnia? Describe a
nonpharmacologic treatment plan that you can prescribe for this patient. - ANSThe 4
primary symptoms of insomnia are:
Difficulty initiating sleep
Difficulty maintaining sleep
Waking up too early
Chronic nonrestorative or poor sleep
You would educate the patient on proper sleep hygiene and encourage them to
evaluate possible stressors that may need to be removed from their daily routine. Sleep
hygiene involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the
same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during
the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature),
avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of
stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
,Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
A patient is having difficulty tracking their eye laterally. Which cranial nerve is affected?
- ANSCN VI
A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They
report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg.
They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As
the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their
words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness
disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has
experienced? What is the clinical significance? - ANSThis patient has experienced a
TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However,
this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in
the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for
prevention.
A person reports feelings of anhedonia, guilt, and worthlessness that seem to be worse
in the morning. They also exhibit excessive weight loss and experience insomnia. What
type of depression are they experiencing? - ANSmelancholic depression
Connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord providing protection
are called the . - ANSmeninges
Delta waves appear in which stage of sleep? - ANSstage 3
Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. - ANSDuring
this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it.
However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed
memories to replay in one's mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM
sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of
wakefulness.
Each of the following are modifiable factors related to stroke except: - ANSobesity
Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson's disease except: -
ANSEnvironmental factors alone lead to disease development
Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer's disease except: -
ANSTau protein is broken down when the neuron that produced it dies
Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous
system except: - ANSthe CNS has an afferent and efferent division
Efferent neurons deliver input from the CNS to the periphery. - ANSmotor
,Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
Explain how a chemical synapse produces an excitatory or inhibitory signal. - ANSThe
presynaptic neuron will secrete neurotransmitters which diffuse into the synaptic cleft
and bind to excitatory or inhibitory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane eliciting an
excitatory or inhibitory signal in one direction.
Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: - ANScan also be
called comorbid insomnia (comorbid is secondary)
Sleep disturbances associated with narcolepsy include each of the following except: -
ANSsleep apnea
T/F - Make true if False
Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood
from entering the brain. - ANStrue
T/F - Make true if False
The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of
onset is increasing in recent times. - ANSFalse; average age of onset is DECREASING
in recent times.
T/F - Make true if False
Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. - ANSfalse, vital signs DECREASE
during stage 1 of NREM sleep
T/F - Make true if False
Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - ANSFalse,
wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease.
What type of seizure manifests with a blank stare, lasts only for a few seconds, and
often goes unnoticed? - ANSabsence seizure
You are babysitting a 7-year-old child with a known history of seizure activity. You
notice they appear flushed and seem unresponsive. You ask if they are feeling alright
and they stare at you blankly. After a few seconds they act as if nothing happened and
return to play. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what
specific type of seizure did this individual experience? - ANSgeneralized
absence seizure
You are seeing a patient with Parkinson's disease in your office. You notice they have
difficulty turning themselves around to sit in the chair, freezing in the process. This is an
example of what physical manifestation of the disease? - ANSbradykinesia
, Portage Pathophysiology module 7
exam|Already graded A+
Amorphous solids - ansparticles are arranged in a random fashion
Colligative properties - ansphysical properties of solvents that are dependent on the
concentration of the solute present and the identity of the solvent but not on the identity
of the solute. They include vapor pressure, freezing point and boiling point
Colloids - ansheterogeneous mixtures which appear to homogeneous one-phase
mixtures but are actually composed of particles too small to be seen with the naked eye
Condensation - ansprocess of gas being converted to liquid
Critical point - ansthe temperature above which a substance cannot exist in the liquid
phase
Critical pressure - ansthe lowest pressure required for the substance to exist as a liquid
at the critical point
Crystalline solids - ansparticles are arranged in one of several different orderly,
repeating, geometric patterns
Describe/define the Tyndall effect - ansColloids can be distinguished from solutions by
use of a beam of light which is scattered by colloids but passes un-scattered through a
solution, a result known as the Tyndall effect
Differentiate between a crystal lattice and a unit cell - ansA crystal lattice is the orderly,
repeating geometric pattern in which the particles of a crystalline solid are arranged.
The unit cell is the smallest section of the crystal lattice having that arrangement of
particles
Differentiate between evaporation and vaporization - ansVaporization is the conversion
of liquid particles to vapor at the boiling point temperature of the material. The process
of liquid converting to vapor molecules can also take place in a very limited manner at
temperatures lower than the boiling point and is called evaporation
Electrolytes - ansionic or very polar compounds which dissolve to form solutions of ions
which conduct an electric current
Explain how and why the presence of a solute affects the boiling point of a solvent -
ansThe presence of a solute raises the boiling point of a solvent by lowering the vapor
pressure of the solvent. With this lower vapor pressure, more heat (a higher boiling
point) is required to raise the vapor pressure to atmospheric pressure
