PSYCH 111 - EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
LATEST UPDATE
What is psychology? - ANSWER-The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
What does psychology reflect the influences of? - ANSWER-• Biological processes
• Individual differences (gender, pain)
• Time and culture (we continue to learn more)
What are the four goals of psychology? - ANSWER-• Describe how people and animals behave
• Understand and explain the causes of behavior
• Predict behaviors/reactions across situations
• Control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences
Bullying: empathy training early
What did Flourens and Broca do? - ANSWER-• Linked mind and behavior
• Showed that damage to the brain can result in impariments of behavior and mental function
What did Wilhelm Wundt establish? - ANSWER-• The first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany
• Taught first class in psych
What did Wundt study? - ANSWER-• Consciousness
• Structuralism
What is consciousness? - ANSWER-• A person's subjective experience of the world and mind
What is structuralism? - ANSWER-• The relationship between the basic elements that constitute the
mind
• Introspection: Subjective observation of one's own experience/feelings
• Structure of mental processes
- Elements of consciousness/moments of consciousness
What did Titchener do? - ANSWER-• Brought Structuralism to the US
• Relied on the identification of the basic elements
What did William James do? - ANSWER-• Built on the principles of introspection and the study of
conscious experiences, but focuses on WHY and the adaptive reasons for what and how we perceive
the real world
• Natural selection
• Functionalism
What is functionalism? - ANSWER-• The study of the function or purpose conscious mental processes
serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
• We can't divide our memory that well but we think we can
Who do many psychologists focus on for studies? - ANSWER-Patients with psychological disorders to
understand human behavior
Who influenced the Psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-Sigmund Freud
,What is the psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-• Identified the role of unconscious forces that
determine thoughts, feelings and behavior
• Personality is dependent on early life experiences
• Drives and motivations conflict leading to compromises (defense mechanisms, symptoms)
• Focus on sexual and aggressive impulses
What is the theory behind the psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-• Unconscious mental
processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
• They would make us uncomfortable if we knew them
What is a Freudian Slip? - ANSWER-• Elements of unconscious processing according to this
perspective
• Supposed to be unconscious but it comes out into the conscious
• We are not in charge of our unconscious
What is the Humanistic perspective? - ANSWER-• Said psychoanalytic perspective is too pessimistic
• Stresses positive potential of all humans
• Believes in free will
• Posits and inherit drive to develop and reach full potential
What is the behaviorist perspective? - ANSWER-• Focus on observable behavioral responses
• Doesn't study mental life at all
• Emphasizes the environmental impact on a person's actions
• Predict and control behavior in ways that benefit society
Who created the behaviorist perspective? - ANSWER-Watson
Who did classical conditioning/what is it? - ANSWER-• Pavlov and Watson
• Associative learning pairing stimuli and response
• Footsteps make dogs drool
Who created operative conditioning? - ANSWER-Skinner
What is operative conditioning? - ANSWER-• Focuses on behaviorist perspective
• Explores reinforcement and punishment as determinants of behavior
• Rewarded for something: increased likelihood you'll repeat the behavior
• Punished: won't repeat behavior
What is social learning theory? By who? - ANSWER-• By Bandura
• Behavior is influenced by the observation of others
What is the cognitive perspective? - ANSWER-• How one thinks affects behavior and responses
• Studies the mental processes involved in knowing
• Explores how one understands and then thinks about solving problems
• Storage and retrieval of information
• Mind is like a computer
• How to pay attention to many things at once
What is the Biological/Biopsychological Perspective and cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER-•
Understands the mind and behavior through biological processes in the brain
• Explores the electrical and chemical processes of neurons affecting mood, perception, cognition and
behavior
• Birth defects/damage hurts the brain and affects ability
• Localization of function (Phineas Gage)
, What is evolutionary psych? - ANSWER-• Understands mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive
selection of traits and functions over time
• Seeks to understand a variety of research findings within this theoretical framework
• Feel nausea faster with smell than with vision
What is developmental psych? - ANSWER-• Explores universal aspects of physical, cognitive and socio-
emotional development across the lifespan
• Identifies variations in development across experience
What is social psych? - ANSWER-• Individual and group behaviors and responses across situations
• Causes and consequences
• Altruism and bystander behavior
• Running faster when with others
• MIlgram and Zimbardo
What is cultural psych? - ANSWER-• Identifies and explores the role of culture on the psychological
processes of its members
• Culture can influence thoughts, perceptions and behavior
• Absolutists say culture has little impact
• Relativists say culture has large impact
What is personality psych? - ANSWER-Define, describe and measure the stability of behaviors and
personality traits over time
What is psychometric psych? - ANSWER-Looks at the measurement of behavior through the
development of psychological tests
- no manipulation - measuring what's there
What is experimental psych? - ANSWER-Conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion,
sensation and perception, physiology and cognition
- Manipulating things
What is health psych? - ANSWER-Interaction between psychological factors and physical well-being
and illness
What is clinical psych? - ANSWER-• Diagnose and treat emotional problems
• Neuropsychology: focus on CNS disorders, trauma, dementia
• Forensic Psychology: interact w/ the legal system involving competency, custody and risk
assessment - are people healthy enough to testify
How does psych play into counseling? - ANSWER-Deal with problems of everyday life and transitions
How does psych play into school/education? - ANSWER-Enhance school performance and resolve
emotional problems, curriculum and teacher training
How does psych play into industrial/organizational? - ANSWER-Staff human service departments in
businesses working on issues of morale, job satisfaction and productivity issues
What is the biggest area of psych in the job field? - ANSWER-Clinical (47%)
Are women well represented in the field? - ANSWER-Yes
What is a theory - ANSWER-A systematic way of organizing and understanding observations
- we make hypotheses to test a theory
- tests can disprove our theories but not prove them
What is a hypothesis - ANSWER-A proposed relationship between two variables
LATEST UPDATE
What is psychology? - ANSWER-The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
What does psychology reflect the influences of? - ANSWER-• Biological processes
• Individual differences (gender, pain)
• Time and culture (we continue to learn more)
What are the four goals of psychology? - ANSWER-• Describe how people and animals behave
• Understand and explain the causes of behavior
• Predict behaviors/reactions across situations
• Control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences
Bullying: empathy training early
What did Flourens and Broca do? - ANSWER-• Linked mind and behavior
• Showed that damage to the brain can result in impariments of behavior and mental function
What did Wilhelm Wundt establish? - ANSWER-• The first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany
• Taught first class in psych
What did Wundt study? - ANSWER-• Consciousness
• Structuralism
What is consciousness? - ANSWER-• A person's subjective experience of the world and mind
What is structuralism? - ANSWER-• The relationship between the basic elements that constitute the
mind
• Introspection: Subjective observation of one's own experience/feelings
• Structure of mental processes
- Elements of consciousness/moments of consciousness
What did Titchener do? - ANSWER-• Brought Structuralism to the US
• Relied on the identification of the basic elements
What did William James do? - ANSWER-• Built on the principles of introspection and the study of
conscious experiences, but focuses on WHY and the adaptive reasons for what and how we perceive
the real world
• Natural selection
• Functionalism
What is functionalism? - ANSWER-• The study of the function or purpose conscious mental processes
serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
• We can't divide our memory that well but we think we can
Who do many psychologists focus on for studies? - ANSWER-Patients with psychological disorders to
understand human behavior
Who influenced the Psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-Sigmund Freud
,What is the psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-• Identified the role of unconscious forces that
determine thoughts, feelings and behavior
• Personality is dependent on early life experiences
• Drives and motivations conflict leading to compromises (defense mechanisms, symptoms)
• Focus on sexual and aggressive impulses
What is the theory behind the psychoanalytic perspective? - ANSWER-• Unconscious mental
processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
• They would make us uncomfortable if we knew them
What is a Freudian Slip? - ANSWER-• Elements of unconscious processing according to this
perspective
• Supposed to be unconscious but it comes out into the conscious
• We are not in charge of our unconscious
What is the Humanistic perspective? - ANSWER-• Said psychoanalytic perspective is too pessimistic
• Stresses positive potential of all humans
• Believes in free will
• Posits and inherit drive to develop and reach full potential
What is the behaviorist perspective? - ANSWER-• Focus on observable behavioral responses
• Doesn't study mental life at all
• Emphasizes the environmental impact on a person's actions
• Predict and control behavior in ways that benefit society
Who created the behaviorist perspective? - ANSWER-Watson
Who did classical conditioning/what is it? - ANSWER-• Pavlov and Watson
• Associative learning pairing stimuli and response
• Footsteps make dogs drool
Who created operative conditioning? - ANSWER-Skinner
What is operative conditioning? - ANSWER-• Focuses on behaviorist perspective
• Explores reinforcement and punishment as determinants of behavior
• Rewarded for something: increased likelihood you'll repeat the behavior
• Punished: won't repeat behavior
What is social learning theory? By who? - ANSWER-• By Bandura
• Behavior is influenced by the observation of others
What is the cognitive perspective? - ANSWER-• How one thinks affects behavior and responses
• Studies the mental processes involved in knowing
• Explores how one understands and then thinks about solving problems
• Storage and retrieval of information
• Mind is like a computer
• How to pay attention to many things at once
What is the Biological/Biopsychological Perspective and cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER-•
Understands the mind and behavior through biological processes in the brain
• Explores the electrical and chemical processes of neurons affecting mood, perception, cognition and
behavior
• Birth defects/damage hurts the brain and affects ability
• Localization of function (Phineas Gage)
, What is evolutionary psych? - ANSWER-• Understands mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive
selection of traits and functions over time
• Seeks to understand a variety of research findings within this theoretical framework
• Feel nausea faster with smell than with vision
What is developmental psych? - ANSWER-• Explores universal aspects of physical, cognitive and socio-
emotional development across the lifespan
• Identifies variations in development across experience
What is social psych? - ANSWER-• Individual and group behaviors and responses across situations
• Causes and consequences
• Altruism and bystander behavior
• Running faster when with others
• MIlgram and Zimbardo
What is cultural psych? - ANSWER-• Identifies and explores the role of culture on the psychological
processes of its members
• Culture can influence thoughts, perceptions and behavior
• Absolutists say culture has little impact
• Relativists say culture has large impact
What is personality psych? - ANSWER-Define, describe and measure the stability of behaviors and
personality traits over time
What is psychometric psych? - ANSWER-Looks at the measurement of behavior through the
development of psychological tests
- no manipulation - measuring what's there
What is experimental psych? - ANSWER-Conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion,
sensation and perception, physiology and cognition
- Manipulating things
What is health psych? - ANSWER-Interaction between psychological factors and physical well-being
and illness
What is clinical psych? - ANSWER-• Diagnose and treat emotional problems
• Neuropsychology: focus on CNS disorders, trauma, dementia
• Forensic Psychology: interact w/ the legal system involving competency, custody and risk
assessment - are people healthy enough to testify
How does psych play into counseling? - ANSWER-Deal with problems of everyday life and transitions
How does psych play into school/education? - ANSWER-Enhance school performance and resolve
emotional problems, curriculum and teacher training
How does psych play into industrial/organizational? - ANSWER-Staff human service departments in
businesses working on issues of morale, job satisfaction and productivity issues
What is the biggest area of psych in the job field? - ANSWER-Clinical (47%)
Are women well represented in the field? - ANSWER-Yes
What is a theory - ANSWER-A systematic way of organizing and understanding observations
- we make hypotheses to test a theory
- tests can disprove our theories but not prove them
What is a hypothesis - ANSWER-A proposed relationship between two variables
