BIOL 348 EXAM 1 SET 2 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS

BIOL 348 EXAM 1 SET 2 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS 2025 EXAM   BIOL 348 EXAM 1 SET 2 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS Layers of the cutaneous membrane - CORRECT ANSWER epidermis (superficial) dermis (deep to epidermis) - papillary layer (superficial) - reticular layer (deep) cutaneous membrane = skin What determines skin color? - CORRECT ANSWER combination of melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene depends on MELANIN PRODUCTION (not number of melanocytes) Why does your face become flushed when you exercise? - CORRECT ANSWER erythema, push blood close to surface flush/flush, reddish Why does thick skin lack hair follicles and sebaceous glands? - CORRECT ANSWER thick skin - covers the palms of he hands and soles of the feet, has 5 layers of kertatinocytes thick skin has the STRATUM LUCIDUM clear layer) 3-5 layers of dead keratinocytes thick skin - more limited in distribution, 0.4-0.6 mm, has sweat glands Rickets became very common with children in the late 1700's. What is rickets and why do you think this happened? - CORRECT ANSWER Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. kids working in factories RICKETS, A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY OVERPRODUCTION AND DEFICIENT CALCIFICATION OF OSTEOD TISSUE, CAUSED BY A LACK OF SUFFICIENT VITAMIN D Types of Bone cells and functions - CORRECT ANSWER osteoprogenitor cell - mesechymal stem cells in endosteum and periosteum osteoblasts - secrete osteoid, CELLS THAT PRODUCE NEW BONE TISSUE BY SECRETING MATRIX osteocytes - maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone osteoclasts - large, multinuclear cells, secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve matrix, BREAK DOWN BONE BY SECRETING HCL AND ENZYMES THAT DISSOLVE THE MATRIX Anatomy of a long bone - CORRECT ANSWER the medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called endosteum long bones have epiphyseal plate shaft of a lone bone - diaphysis (compact bone, medullary cavity/yellow marrow) ends of long bone - epiphyses (mostly spongy bone, surrounded by compact bone) metaphysis - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet blood vessels enter the diaphysis of a long bone through a opening called the nutrient foramen spongy bone - no osteons, open network of trabeculae, red bone marrow Why are ribs considered flat bones instead of long bones? - CORRECT ANSWER Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. Flat bones have marrow, but they do not have a bone marrow cavity. Why do long bones have both spongy and compact bone? What function does spongy bone provide? Why not just compact bone? - CORRECT ANSWER spongy bone has a latticework structure that makes it strong and lightweight compact bone - solid and relatively dense, external surfaces of long and flat bones, made up of osteons, osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae spongy bone - trabeculae, internal surface of bones Endochondral ossification steps - CORRECT ANSWER (formation of bone from a cartilaginous model) 1.) hyaline cartilage model develops