Migration exam questions
. Suggest why Mexico is a large source of migrants into the USA.
– Next door to USA – shorter distance than anywhere else
– Significant difference in standard of living between the two countries
– Many Mexicans have already migrated to the USA, so a lot of chain migration
– Long porous border – difficult to police
– Much of SW USA has a Mexican (Hispanic) culture and language
– Lots of low skilled jobs available for ‘cheap’ labour
– Chance to send remittances home
– Safety and political stability
– Also accept relevant push and pull factors
. Compare the characteristics of economic migration flows with the characteristics of
refugee flows.
2
1
,3
. With the aid of examples, suggest why refugee flows may increase in the future.
This question is about the cause of refugee flows and why such causes may be more frequent in
the future.
– Increased levels of conflicts between distinctive groups within a country
– Increased conflicts between states often over decreasing resources e.g. water wars
– Climatic refugees due to global warming effects e.g. to escape rising sea levels/disease
– To escape from natural disasters e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc. –partly caused by
increased numbers of people living in disaster prone areas
– To escape persecution
– Easier for refugees to flee e.g. improved transport links
– Greater international aid for refugees
. Suggest pull factors which cause people to migrate internationally.
, – Educational opportunities
– Job opportunities/higher incomes
– Greater freedoms in destination country
– Political stability/security
– Experience a different culture
– To be with family/friends
. Explain why young adults are more likely to migrate than old adults.
– More mobile physically – better health
– Fewer responsibilities in source area
– More ambitious/adaptable
– Better informed about opportunities
– Old tend to be inert – lots of links in source area
– Financial – old have few resources
– Young are more likely to move for education
– Young adults may be better educated and therefore able to fill a wider range of jobs
. Compare the characteristics of chain migration with the characteristics of stepped
migration.
– A chain migration is a movement of migrants from one place to another, encouraging
successive waves of migration along the same route. Often one member of the family goes
first (pioneer) then other members follow once they get feedback.
– In 'Laws of Migration', Ravenstein explained how migration could be gradual and occurred
step-by-step geographically. According to Ravenstein, step migration occurred in short
distance migration when individuals migrated from rural towns to an urban centre by
stepping through intermediate-sized towns.
– Comparation could include:
+) Chain migration involves a group whilst stepped migration is more individual or family unit
+) Stepped migration generally is a longer-term process than chain migration
+) Chain migration involves feedback, stepped migration does not
+) Stepped migration moves up the hierarchy whilst chain migration may not
. With the aid of examples, explain why intra-urban migration (within an urban settlement)
has increased in many cities in LICs/MICs.
– Intra-urban migration is within an urban area and results from an increased need for
people to move for activities – i.e. functions are increasingly separated geographically.
Max. top Level 1 if candidates confuse it with inter-urban migration.
– Reasons could include:
+) Increased urban populations
+) Increased incomes so people can afford to move
+) Residential segregation has increased
. Suggest why Mexico is a large source of migrants into the USA.
– Next door to USA – shorter distance than anywhere else
– Significant difference in standard of living between the two countries
– Many Mexicans have already migrated to the USA, so a lot of chain migration
– Long porous border – difficult to police
– Much of SW USA has a Mexican (Hispanic) culture and language
– Lots of low skilled jobs available for ‘cheap’ labour
– Chance to send remittances home
– Safety and political stability
– Also accept relevant push and pull factors
. Compare the characteristics of economic migration flows with the characteristics of
refugee flows.
2
1
,3
. With the aid of examples, suggest why refugee flows may increase in the future.
This question is about the cause of refugee flows and why such causes may be more frequent in
the future.
– Increased levels of conflicts between distinctive groups within a country
– Increased conflicts between states often over decreasing resources e.g. water wars
– Climatic refugees due to global warming effects e.g. to escape rising sea levels/disease
– To escape from natural disasters e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes etc. –partly caused by
increased numbers of people living in disaster prone areas
– To escape persecution
– Easier for refugees to flee e.g. improved transport links
– Greater international aid for refugees
. Suggest pull factors which cause people to migrate internationally.
, – Educational opportunities
– Job opportunities/higher incomes
– Greater freedoms in destination country
– Political stability/security
– Experience a different culture
– To be with family/friends
. Explain why young adults are more likely to migrate than old adults.
– More mobile physically – better health
– Fewer responsibilities in source area
– More ambitious/adaptable
– Better informed about opportunities
– Old tend to be inert – lots of links in source area
– Financial – old have few resources
– Young are more likely to move for education
– Young adults may be better educated and therefore able to fill a wider range of jobs
. Compare the characteristics of chain migration with the characteristics of stepped
migration.
– A chain migration is a movement of migrants from one place to another, encouraging
successive waves of migration along the same route. Often one member of the family goes
first (pioneer) then other members follow once they get feedback.
– In 'Laws of Migration', Ravenstein explained how migration could be gradual and occurred
step-by-step geographically. According to Ravenstein, step migration occurred in short
distance migration when individuals migrated from rural towns to an urban centre by
stepping through intermediate-sized towns.
– Comparation could include:
+) Chain migration involves a group whilst stepped migration is more individual or family unit
+) Stepped migration generally is a longer-term process than chain migration
+) Chain migration involves feedback, stepped migration does not
+) Stepped migration moves up the hierarchy whilst chain migration may not
. With the aid of examples, explain why intra-urban migration (within an urban settlement)
has increased in many cities in LICs/MICs.
– Intra-urban migration is within an urban area and results from an increased need for
people to move for activities – i.e. functions are increasingly separated geographically.
Max. top Level 1 if candidates confuse it with inter-urban migration.
– Reasons could include:
+) Increased urban populations
+) Increased incomes so people can afford to move
+) Residential segregation has increased
