.
Pathology - Exam 1 Practice Questions
with Correct Answers 2025/2026
AN53-year-
oldNwomanNwithNnoNpriorNillnessesNhasNaNroutineNcheckupNbyNherNphysician.NOnNexaminationNshe
NhasNaNbloodNpressureNofN150/95NmmNHg.NIfNherNhypertensionNremainsNuntreatedNforNyears,Nwhic
hNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNalterationsNwouldNmostNlikelyNbeNseenNinNherNmyocardium?N
ANApoptosisN
BNDysplasiaN
CNFattyNchangeN
DNHemosiderosisN
ENHyperplasiaN
FNHypertrophyN
GNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NF
Reasoning:NTheNpressureNloadNonNtheNleftNventricleNresultsNinNanNincreaseNinNmyofilamentsNinNthe
NexistingNmyofibers,NsoNtheyNenlarge.NTheNresultNofNcontinuedNstressNfromNhypertensionNisNeventu
alNheartNfailureNwithNdecreasedNcontractility.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNwouldNleadNtoNlossNofNcellsNandNdiminishedNsize.NDysplasiaNisNnotN
aNdiagnosisNmadeNforNtheNheart.NHemosiderinNdepositionNinNtheNheartNisNaNpathologicNprocessNre
sultingNfromNincreasedNironNstoresNinNtheNbody.NThoughNhyperplasiaNfromNproliferationNofNmyofib
roblastsNisNpossible,NthisNdoesNnotNcontributeNsignificantlyNtoNcardiacNsize.NMetaplasiaNofNmuscleN
doesNnotNoccur,NalthoughNlossNofNmuscleNoccursNwithNagingNandNischemiaNasNmyofibersNareNrepla
cedNbyNfibrousNtissue.
AN16-year-
oldNboyNsustainedNbluntNtraumaNtoNhisNabdomenNwhenNheNstruckNaNbridgeNabutmentNatNhighNspe
edNwhileNdrivingNaNmotorNvehicle.NPeritonealNlavageNshowsNaNhemoperitoneum,NandNatNlaparoto
my,NaNsmallNportionNofNtheNleftNlobeNofNtheNinjuredNliverNisNremoved.NTwoNmonthsNlater,NaNCTNscan
,NofNtheNabdomenNshowsNthatNtheNliverNhasNnearlyNregainedNitsNsizeNbeforeNtheNinjury.NWhichNofNth
eNfollowingNprocessesNbestNexplainsNthisNCTNscanNfinding?N
ANApoptosisN
BNDysplasiaN
CNHyperplasiaN
DNHydropicNchangeN
ENSteatosisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NC
Reasoning:NTheNliverNisNoneNofNtheNfewNorgansNinNtheNhumanNbodyNthatNcanNpartiallyNregenerate.N
ThisNisNaNformNofNcompensatoryNhyperplasia.NTheNstimuliNtoNhepatocyteNmitoticNactivityNceaseN
whenNtheNliverNhasNattainedNitsNnormalNsize.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NHepatocytesNcanNreenterNtheNcellNcycleNandNproliferateNtoNregenerateNtheNli
ver;NtheyNdoNnotNjustNhypertrophyN(increaseNinNsize).NApoptosisNisNsingleNcellNdeathNandNfrequentl
yNoccursNwithNviralNhepatitis.NDysplasiaNisNdisorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNthatNcanNbeNpremalig
nant.NHydropicNchange,NorNcellNswelling,NdoesNnotNproduceNregeneration.NSteatosisN(fattyNchange
)NcanNleadNtoNhepatomegaly,NbutNnotNasNaNregenerativeNprocess.NItNisNtheNresultNofNtoxic/metaboli
cNhepatocyteNinjury.
AN71-year-
oldNmanNhasNhadNdifficultyNwithNurination,NincludingNhesitancyNandNincreasedNfrequency,NforNtheN
pastN5Nyears.NANdigitalNrectalNexaminationNrevealsNthatNhisNprostateNglandNisNpalpablyNenlargedNto
NtwiceNnormalNsize.NANtransurethralNresectionNofNtheNprostateNisNperformed,NandNtheNmicroscopic
NappearanceNofNtheNprostateN"chips"NobtainedNisNthatNofNnodulesNofNglandsNwithNinterveningNstro
ma.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNpathologicNprocessesNhasNmostNlikelyNoccurredNinNhisNprostate?N
ANApoptosis
BNDysplasia
CNFattyNchangeN
DNHyperplasiaN
ENHypertrophyN
FNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:ND
,Reasoning:NBPHN(BenignNProstaticNHyperplasia)!NNodularNprostaticNhyperplasiaN(alsoNknownNasNb
enignNprostaticNhyperplasiaN[BPH])NisNaNcommonNconditionNinNolderNmenNthatNresultsNfromNprolif
erationNofNbothNprostaticNglandsNandNstroma.NTheNprostateNbecomesNmoreNsensitiveNtoNandrogen
icNstimulationNwithNage.NThisNisNanNexampleNofNpathologicNhyperplasia.
ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNresultsNinNaNlossNof,NnotNanNincreaseNin,Ncells.NDysplasiaNrefersNtoN
disorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNandNmaturation.NFattyNchangeNinNhepatocytesNmayNproduceNhe
patomegaly.NAlthoughNBPHNisNoftenNcalledN"benignNprostaticNhypertrophy,"NthisNtermNisNtechnicall
yNincorrect;NitNisNtheNnumberNofNglandsNandNstromalNcellsNthatNisNincreased,NratherNthanNtheNsizeNo
fNexistingNcells.NANchangeNinNtheNglandularNepitheliumNtoNsquamousNepitheliumNaroundNaNprostati
cNinfarctNwouldNbeNanNexampleNofNmetaplasia.
AN29-year-
oldNmanNsustainsNaNleftNfemoralNfractureNinNaNmotorcycleNaccident.NHisNlegNisNplacedNinNaNplasterNc
ast.NAfterNhisNleftNlegNhasNbeenNimmobilizedNforN6Nweeks,NtheNdiameterNofNtheNleftNcalfNhasNdecre
asedNinNsize.NThisNchangeNinNsizeNisNmostNlikelyNtoNresultNfromNwhichNofNtheNfollowingNalterationsNi
nNhisNcalfNmuscles?N
ANAplasia
BNAtrophy
CNDystrophyN
DNHyalinosisN
ENHypoplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.
Answer:NB
Reasoning:NReducedNworkloadNcausesNcellNtoNshrinkNthroughNlossNofNcellNsubstance,NaNprocessNcal
ledNatrophy.NTheNcellsNareNstillNpresent,NjustNsmaller.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NAplasiaNrefersNtoNlackNofNembryonicNdevelopment;NhypoplasiaNdescribesNpo
orNorNsubnormalNdevelopmentNofNtissues.NDystrophyNofNmusclesNrefersNtoNinheritedNdisordersNofN
skeletalNmusclesNthatNleadNtoNmuscleNfiberNdestruction,Nweakness,NandNwasting.NHyalineNchangeN
(hyalinosis)NrefersNtoNaNnonspecific,Npink,NglassyNeosinophilicNappearanceNofNcells.
AN34-year-
oldNobeseNwomanNhasNexperiencedNheartburnNfromNgastricNrefluxNforNtheNpastN5NyearsNafterNeati
ngNlargeNmeals.NSheNundergoesNupperNgastrointestinalNendoscopy,NandNaNbiopsyNspecimenNofNthe
, NdistalNesophagusNisNobtained.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNmicroscopicNchanges,NseenNinNtheNfigure,N
hasNmostNlikelyNoccurred?N
ANColumnarNmetaplasiaN
BNGobletNcellNhyperplasiaN
CNLaminaNpropriaNatrophyN
DNSquamousNdysplasiaN
ENMucosalNhypertrophyN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Answer:NA
Reasoning:NBarrett'sNesophagus!NInflammationNfromNrefluxNofNgastricNacidNhasNresultedNinNreplac
ementNofNnormalNesophagealNsquamousNepitheliumNbyNintestinal-
typeNcolumnarNepitheliumNwithNgobletNcells.NSuchNconversionNofNoneNadultNcellNtypeNtoNanotherNc
ellNtypeNisNcalledNmetaplasia,NandNitNoccursNwhenNstimuliNreprogramNstemNcells.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NGobletNcellsNareNnotNnormalNconstituentsNofNtheNesophagealNmucosa,NandNt
heyNareNaNminorNpartNofNthisNmetaplasticNprocess.NTheNlaminaNpropriaNhasNsomeNinflammatoryNce
lls,NbutNitNdoesNnotNatrophy.NTheNsquamousNepitheliumNdoesNnotNbecomeNdysplasticNfromNacidNre
flux,NbutNtheNcolumnarNmetaplasiaNmayNprogressNtoNdysplasia,NnotNseenNhere,NifNtheNabnormalNsti
muliNcontinue.NTheseNcellsNareNnotNsignificantlyNincreasedNinNsizeN(hypertrophic).
AN22-year-oldNwomanNbecomesNpregnant.NANfetalNultra-
NsoundNexaminationNatN13Nweeks'NgestationNshowsNherNuterusNmeasuresN7N×N4N×N3Ncm.NAtNdeliver
yNofNaNtermNinfant,NherNuterusNmeasuresN34N×N18N×N12Ncm.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNproce
ssesNhasNcontributedNmostNtoNtheNincreaseNinNherNuterineNsize?N
ANEndometrialNglandularNhyperplasiaN
Pathology - Exam 1 Practice Questions
with Correct Answers 2025/2026
AN53-year-
oldNwomanNwithNnoNpriorNillnessesNhasNaNroutineNcheckupNbyNherNphysician.NOnNexaminationNshe
NhasNaNbloodNpressureNofN150/95NmmNHg.NIfNherNhypertensionNremainsNuntreatedNforNyears,Nwhic
hNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNalterationsNwouldNmostNlikelyNbeNseenNinNherNmyocardium?N
ANApoptosisN
BNDysplasiaN
CNFattyNchangeN
DNHemosiderosisN
ENHyperplasiaN
FNHypertrophyN
GNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NF
Reasoning:NTheNpressureNloadNonNtheNleftNventricleNresultsNinNanNincreaseNinNmyofilamentsNinNthe
NexistingNmyofibers,NsoNtheyNenlarge.NTheNresultNofNcontinuedNstressNfromNhypertensionNisNeventu
alNheartNfailureNwithNdecreasedNcontractility.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNwouldNleadNtoNlossNofNcellsNandNdiminishedNsize.NDysplasiaNisNnotN
aNdiagnosisNmadeNforNtheNheart.NHemosiderinNdepositionNinNtheNheartNisNaNpathologicNprocessNre
sultingNfromNincreasedNironNstoresNinNtheNbody.NThoughNhyperplasiaNfromNproliferationNofNmyofib
roblastsNisNpossible,NthisNdoesNnotNcontributeNsignificantlyNtoNcardiacNsize.NMetaplasiaNofNmuscleN
doesNnotNoccur,NalthoughNlossNofNmuscleNoccursNwithNagingNandNischemiaNasNmyofibersNareNrepla
cedNbyNfibrousNtissue.
AN16-year-
oldNboyNsustainedNbluntNtraumaNtoNhisNabdomenNwhenNheNstruckNaNbridgeNabutmentNatNhighNspe
edNwhileNdrivingNaNmotorNvehicle.NPeritonealNlavageNshowsNaNhemoperitoneum,NandNatNlaparoto
my,NaNsmallNportionNofNtheNleftNlobeNofNtheNinjuredNliverNisNremoved.NTwoNmonthsNlater,NaNCTNscan
,NofNtheNabdomenNshowsNthatNtheNliverNhasNnearlyNregainedNitsNsizeNbeforeNtheNinjury.NWhichNofNth
eNfollowingNprocessesNbestNexplainsNthisNCTNscanNfinding?N
ANApoptosisN
BNDysplasiaN
CNHyperplasiaN
DNHydropicNchangeN
ENSteatosisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NC
Reasoning:NTheNliverNisNoneNofNtheNfewNorgansNinNtheNhumanNbodyNthatNcanNpartiallyNregenerate.N
ThisNisNaNformNofNcompensatoryNhyperplasia.NTheNstimuliNtoNhepatocyteNmitoticNactivityNceaseN
whenNtheNliverNhasNattainedNitsNnormalNsize.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NHepatocytesNcanNreenterNtheNcellNcycleNandNproliferateNtoNregenerateNtheNli
ver;NtheyNdoNnotNjustNhypertrophyN(increaseNinNsize).NApoptosisNisNsingleNcellNdeathNandNfrequentl
yNoccursNwithNviralNhepatitis.NDysplasiaNisNdisorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNthatNcanNbeNpremalig
nant.NHydropicNchange,NorNcellNswelling,NdoesNnotNproduceNregeneration.NSteatosisN(fattyNchange
)NcanNleadNtoNhepatomegaly,NbutNnotNasNaNregenerativeNprocess.NItNisNtheNresultNofNtoxic/metaboli
cNhepatocyteNinjury.
AN71-year-
oldNmanNhasNhadNdifficultyNwithNurination,NincludingNhesitancyNandNincreasedNfrequency,NforNtheN
pastN5Nyears.NANdigitalNrectalNexaminationNrevealsNthatNhisNprostateNglandNisNpalpablyNenlargedNto
NtwiceNnormalNsize.NANtransurethralNresectionNofNtheNprostateNisNperformed,NandNtheNmicroscopic
NappearanceNofNtheNprostateN"chips"NobtainedNisNthatNofNnodulesNofNglandsNwithNinterveningNstro
ma.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNpathologicNprocessesNhasNmostNlikelyNoccurredNinNhisNprostate?N
ANApoptosis
BNDysplasia
CNFattyNchangeN
DNHyperplasiaN
ENHypertrophyN
FNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:ND
,Reasoning:NBPHN(BenignNProstaticNHyperplasia)!NNodularNprostaticNhyperplasiaN(alsoNknownNasNb
enignNprostaticNhyperplasiaN[BPH])NisNaNcommonNconditionNinNolderNmenNthatNresultsNfromNprolif
erationNofNbothNprostaticNglandsNandNstroma.NTheNprostateNbecomesNmoreNsensitiveNtoNandrogen
icNstimulationNwithNage.NThisNisNanNexampleNofNpathologicNhyperplasia.
ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNresultsNinNaNlossNof,NnotNanNincreaseNin,Ncells.NDysplasiaNrefersNtoN
disorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNandNmaturation.NFattyNchangeNinNhepatocytesNmayNproduceNhe
patomegaly.NAlthoughNBPHNisNoftenNcalledN"benignNprostaticNhypertrophy,"NthisNtermNisNtechnicall
yNincorrect;NitNisNtheNnumberNofNglandsNandNstromalNcellsNthatNisNincreased,NratherNthanNtheNsizeNo
fNexistingNcells.NANchangeNinNtheNglandularNepitheliumNtoNsquamousNepitheliumNaroundNaNprostati
cNinfarctNwouldNbeNanNexampleNofNmetaplasia.
AN29-year-
oldNmanNsustainsNaNleftNfemoralNfractureNinNaNmotorcycleNaccident.NHisNlegNisNplacedNinNaNplasterNc
ast.NAfterNhisNleftNlegNhasNbeenNimmobilizedNforN6Nweeks,NtheNdiameterNofNtheNleftNcalfNhasNdecre
asedNinNsize.NThisNchangeNinNsizeNisNmostNlikelyNtoNresultNfromNwhichNofNtheNfollowingNalterationsNi
nNhisNcalfNmuscles?N
ANAplasia
BNAtrophy
CNDystrophyN
DNHyalinosisN
ENHypoplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.
Answer:NB
Reasoning:NReducedNworkloadNcausesNcellNtoNshrinkNthroughNlossNofNcellNsubstance,NaNprocessNcal
ledNatrophy.NTheNcellsNareNstillNpresent,NjustNsmaller.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NAplasiaNrefersNtoNlackNofNembryonicNdevelopment;NhypoplasiaNdescribesNpo
orNorNsubnormalNdevelopmentNofNtissues.NDystrophyNofNmusclesNrefersNtoNinheritedNdisordersNofN
skeletalNmusclesNthatNleadNtoNmuscleNfiberNdestruction,Nweakness,NandNwasting.NHyalineNchangeN
(hyalinosis)NrefersNtoNaNnonspecific,Npink,NglassyNeosinophilicNappearanceNofNcells.
AN34-year-
oldNobeseNwomanNhasNexperiencedNheartburnNfromNgastricNrefluxNforNtheNpastN5NyearsNafterNeati
ngNlargeNmeals.NSheNundergoesNupperNgastrointestinalNendoscopy,NandNaNbiopsyNspecimenNofNthe
, NdistalNesophagusNisNobtained.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNmicroscopicNchanges,NseenNinNtheNfigure,N
hasNmostNlikelyNoccurred?N
ANColumnarNmetaplasiaN
BNGobletNcellNhyperplasiaN
CNLaminaNpropriaNatrophyN
DNSquamousNdysplasiaN
ENMucosalNhypertrophyN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Answer:NA
Reasoning:NBarrett'sNesophagus!NInflammationNfromNrefluxNofNgastricNacidNhasNresultedNinNreplac
ementNofNnormalNesophagealNsquamousNepitheliumNbyNintestinal-
typeNcolumnarNepitheliumNwithNgobletNcells.NSuchNconversionNofNoneNadultNcellNtypeNtoNanotherNc
ellNtypeNisNcalledNmetaplasia,NandNitNoccursNwhenNstimuliNreprogramNstemNcells.N
ExtendedNreasoning:NGobletNcellsNareNnotNnormalNconstituentsNofNtheNesophagealNmucosa,NandNt
heyNareNaNminorNpartNofNthisNmetaplasticNprocess.NTheNlaminaNpropriaNhasNsomeNinflammatoryNce
lls,NbutNitNdoesNnotNatrophy.NTheNsquamousNepitheliumNdoesNnotNbecomeNdysplasticNfromNacidNre
flux,NbutNtheNcolumnarNmetaplasiaNmayNprogressNtoNdysplasia,NnotNseenNhere,NifNtheNabnormalNsti
muliNcontinue.NTheseNcellsNareNnotNsignificantlyNincreasedNinNsizeN(hypertrophic).
AN22-year-oldNwomanNbecomesNpregnant.NANfetalNultra-
NsoundNexaminationNatN13Nweeks'NgestationNshowsNherNuterusNmeasuresN7N×N4N×N3Ncm.NAtNdeliver
yNofNaNtermNinfant,NherNuterusNmeasuresN34N×N18N×N12Ncm.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNproce
ssesNhasNcontributedNmostNtoNtheNincreaseNinNherNuterineNsize?N
ANEndometrialNglandularNhyperplasiaN
