Investments 13th Edition@ s f @ s f
by Zvi Bodie,
@sf @sf @ s f Alex @ s f Kane, @ s f Alan @ s f J. Marcus
@ sf
, CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEM SETS
1. Ultimately, it is true that real assets determine the material well-being of an economy.
Nevertheless, individuals can benefit when financial engineering creates new products that
allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets more efficiently. Because
bundling and unbundling creates financial products with new properties and sensitivities
to various sources of risk, it allows investors to hedge particular sources of risk more
efficiently.
2. Securitization requires access to a large number of potential investors. To attract these
investors, the capital market needs:
(1) a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatory
taxation/regulation;
(2) a well-developed investment banking industry;
(3) a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions, and;
(4) well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.
These characteristics are found in (indeed make for) a well-developed financial market.
3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a means for
market participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backed securities
channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks or thrift institutions
make loans from their own portfolios. As securitization progresses, financial
intermediaries must increase other activities such as providing short-term liquidity to
consumers and small business, and financial services.
4. Financial assets make it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance their
investments in real assets. If General Motors, for example, could not issue stocks or
bonds to the general public, it would have a far more difficult time raising capital.
Contraction of the supply of financial assets would make financing more difficult,
thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less investment
and lower real growth.
,5. Even @sfif @sfthe @sffirm @sfdoes @sfnot @sfneed @sfto @sfissue @sfstock @sfin @sfany @sfparticular @sfyear, @sfthe
@sfstock @sfmarket @sfis @sfstill @sfimportant @sfto @sfthe @sffinancial @sfmanager. @sf The @sfstock @sfprice
@sfprovides @sfimportant @sfinformation @sfabout @sfhow @sfthe @sfmarket @sfvalues @sfthe @sffirm's
@sfinvestment @sfprojects. @sfFor @sfexample, @sfif @sfthe @sfstock @sfprice @sfrises @sfconsiderably,
@sfmanagers @sfmight @sfconclude @sfthat @sfthe @sfmarket @sfbelieves @sfthe @sffirm's @sffuture @sfprospects
@sfare @sfbright. @sfThis @sfmight @sfbe @sfa @sfuseful @sfsignal @sfto @sfthe @sffirm @sfto @sfproceed @sfwith
@sfan @sfinvestment @sfsuch @sfas @sfan @sfexpansion @sfof @sfthe @sffirm's @sfbusiness.
In @sfaddition, @sfthe @sffact @sfthat @sfshares @sfcan @sfbe @sftraded @sfin @sfthe @sfsecondary @sfmarket
@sfmakes @sfthe @sfshares @sfmore @sfattractive @sfto @sfinvestors @sfsince @sfinvestors @sfknow @sfthat,
@sfwhen @sfthey @sfwish @sfto, @sfthey @sfwill @sfbe @sfable @sfto @sfsell @sftheir @sfshares. @sfThis @sfin @sfturn
@sfmakes @sfinvestors @sfmore @sfwilling @sfto @sfbuy @sfshares @sfin @sfa @sfprimary @sfoffering, @sfand
@sfthus @sfimproves @sfthe @sfterms @sfon @sfwhich @sffirms @sfcan @sfraise @sfmoney @sfin @sfthe @sfequity
@sfmarket.
6. a. Cash @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset @sfbecause @sfit @sfis @sfthe @sfliability @sfof @sfthe @sffederal @sfgovernment.
b. No. @sfThe @sfcash @sfdoes @sfnot @sfdirectly @sfadd @sfto @sfthe @sfproductive @sfcapacity @sfof @sfthe @sfeconomy.
c. Yes.
d. Society @sfas @sfa @sfwhole @sfis @sfworse @sfoff, @sfsince @sftaxpayers, @sfas @sfa @sfgroup @sfwill
@sfmake @sfup @sffor @sfthe @sfliability.
7. a. @sfThe @sfbank @sfloan @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfliability @sffor @sfLanni. @sf(Lanni's @sfIOU @sfis @sfthe
@sfbank's @sffinancial @sfasset.) @sfThe @sfcash @sfLanni @sfreceives @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset.
@sfThe @sfnew @sffinancial @sfasset @sfcreated @sfis @sfLanni's @sfpromissory @sfnote @sf(that @sfis,
@sfLanni’s @sf IOU @sfto @sfthe @sfbank).
b. Lanni @sftransfers @sffinancial @sfassets @sf(cash) @sfto @sfthe @sfsoftware @sfdevelopers. @ s f In
@sfreturn, @sfLanni @sfgets @sfa @sfreal @sfasset, @sfthe @sfcompleted @sfsoftware. @sfNo
@sffinancial @sfassets @sfare @sfcreated @sfor @sfdestroyed; @sfcash @sfis @sfsimply @sftransferred
@sffrom @sfone @sfparty @sfto @sfanother.
c. Lanni @sfgives @sfthe @sfreal @sfasset @sf(the @sfsoftware) @sfto @sfMicrosoft @sfin @sfexchange
@sffor @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset, @sf1,500 @sfshares @sfof @sfMicrosoft @sfstock. @ s f If @sfMicrosoft
@sfissues @sfnew @sfshares @sfin @sforder @sfto @sfpay @sfLanni, @sfthen @sfthis @sfwould @sfrepresent
@sfthe @sfcreation @sfof @sfnew @sffinancial @sfassets.
d. Lanni @sfexchanges @sfone @sffinancial @sfasset @sf(1,500 @sfshares @sfof @sfstock) @sffor
@sfanother @sf($120,000). @sfLanni @sfgives @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset @sf($50,000 @sfcash) @sfto
@sfthe @sfbank @sfand @sfgets @sfback @sfanother @sffinancial @sfasset @sf(its @sfIOU). @ s f The @sfloan
@sfis @sf"destroyed" @sfin @sfthe @sftransaction, @sfsince @sfit @sfis @sfretired @sfwhen @sfpaid @sfoff @sfand
@sfno @sflonger @sfexists.
, 8. a.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Cash $ @sf70,000 Bank @sfloan $ @sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ @sfequity 50,000
@sfTotal $100,000 Total $100,000
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$30,000/$100,000 @sf= @sf0.30
b.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Software @ s f product* $ @sf70,000 Bank @sfloan $ @sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ 50,000
@ s f equity
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
*Valued @sfat @sfcost
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$100,000/$100,000 @sf= @sf1.0
c.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Microsoft @sfshares $120,000 Bank @sfloan $
@sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ 100,000
@ s f equity
Total $150,000 Total $150,000
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$30,000/$150,000 @sf= @sf0.20
Conclusion: @sfwhen @sfthe @sffirm @sfstarts @sfup @sfand @sfraises @sfworking @sfcapital, @sfit @sfis
@sfcharacterized @sfby @sfa @sflow @sfratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sf assets. @sfWhen @sfit
@sfis @sfin @sffull @sfproduction, @sfit @sfhas @sfa @sfhigh @sfratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal
@sfassets. @ s f When @sfthe @sfproject @sf"shuts @sfdown" @sfand @sfthe @sffirm @sfsells @sfit @sfoff @sffor
@sfcash, @sffinancial @sfassets @sfonce @sfagain @sfreplace @sfreal @sfassets.
9. For @sfcommercial @sfbanks, @sfthe @sfratio @sfis: @sf$107.5/$10,410.9
@sf = @sf0.010 @sfFor @sfnon-financial @sffirms, @sfthe @sfratio @sfis:
$13,295/$25,164 @sf= @sf0.528
@sf
The @sfdifference @sfshould @sfbe @sfexpected @sfprimarily @sfbecause @sfthe @sfbulk @sfof @sfthe
@sfbusiness @sfof @sffinancial @sfinstitutions @sfis @sfto @sfmake @sfloans; @sfwhich @sfare
@sffinancial @sfassets @sffor @sffinancial @sfinstitutions.
10. a. Primary-market @ s f transaction
b. Derivative @ s f assets
c. Investors @sfwho @sfwish @sfto @sfhold @sfgold @sfwithout @sfthe @sfcomplication @sfand @sfcost
@sfof @sfphysical @sfstorage.
by Zvi Bodie,
@sf @sf @ s f Alex @ s f Kane, @ s f Alan @ s f J. Marcus
@ sf
, CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEM SETS
1. Ultimately, it is true that real assets determine the material well-being of an economy.
Nevertheless, individuals can benefit when financial engineering creates new products that
allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets more efficiently. Because
bundling and unbundling creates financial products with new properties and sensitivities
to various sources of risk, it allows investors to hedge particular sources of risk more
efficiently.
2. Securitization requires access to a large number of potential investors. To attract these
investors, the capital market needs:
(1) a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatory
taxation/regulation;
(2) a well-developed investment banking industry;
(3) a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions, and;
(4) well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.
These characteristics are found in (indeed make for) a well-developed financial market.
3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a means for
market participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backed securities
channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks or thrift institutions
make loans from their own portfolios. As securitization progresses, financial
intermediaries must increase other activities such as providing short-term liquidity to
consumers and small business, and financial services.
4. Financial assets make it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance their
investments in real assets. If General Motors, for example, could not issue stocks or
bonds to the general public, it would have a far more difficult time raising capital.
Contraction of the supply of financial assets would make financing more difficult,
thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less investment
and lower real growth.
,5. Even @sfif @sfthe @sffirm @sfdoes @sfnot @sfneed @sfto @sfissue @sfstock @sfin @sfany @sfparticular @sfyear, @sfthe
@sfstock @sfmarket @sfis @sfstill @sfimportant @sfto @sfthe @sffinancial @sfmanager. @sf The @sfstock @sfprice
@sfprovides @sfimportant @sfinformation @sfabout @sfhow @sfthe @sfmarket @sfvalues @sfthe @sffirm's
@sfinvestment @sfprojects. @sfFor @sfexample, @sfif @sfthe @sfstock @sfprice @sfrises @sfconsiderably,
@sfmanagers @sfmight @sfconclude @sfthat @sfthe @sfmarket @sfbelieves @sfthe @sffirm's @sffuture @sfprospects
@sfare @sfbright. @sfThis @sfmight @sfbe @sfa @sfuseful @sfsignal @sfto @sfthe @sffirm @sfto @sfproceed @sfwith
@sfan @sfinvestment @sfsuch @sfas @sfan @sfexpansion @sfof @sfthe @sffirm's @sfbusiness.
In @sfaddition, @sfthe @sffact @sfthat @sfshares @sfcan @sfbe @sftraded @sfin @sfthe @sfsecondary @sfmarket
@sfmakes @sfthe @sfshares @sfmore @sfattractive @sfto @sfinvestors @sfsince @sfinvestors @sfknow @sfthat,
@sfwhen @sfthey @sfwish @sfto, @sfthey @sfwill @sfbe @sfable @sfto @sfsell @sftheir @sfshares. @sfThis @sfin @sfturn
@sfmakes @sfinvestors @sfmore @sfwilling @sfto @sfbuy @sfshares @sfin @sfa @sfprimary @sfoffering, @sfand
@sfthus @sfimproves @sfthe @sfterms @sfon @sfwhich @sffirms @sfcan @sfraise @sfmoney @sfin @sfthe @sfequity
@sfmarket.
6. a. Cash @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset @sfbecause @sfit @sfis @sfthe @sfliability @sfof @sfthe @sffederal @sfgovernment.
b. No. @sfThe @sfcash @sfdoes @sfnot @sfdirectly @sfadd @sfto @sfthe @sfproductive @sfcapacity @sfof @sfthe @sfeconomy.
c. Yes.
d. Society @sfas @sfa @sfwhole @sfis @sfworse @sfoff, @sfsince @sftaxpayers, @sfas @sfa @sfgroup @sfwill
@sfmake @sfup @sffor @sfthe @sfliability.
7. a. @sfThe @sfbank @sfloan @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfliability @sffor @sfLanni. @sf(Lanni's @sfIOU @sfis @sfthe
@sfbank's @sffinancial @sfasset.) @sfThe @sfcash @sfLanni @sfreceives @sfis @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset.
@sfThe @sfnew @sffinancial @sfasset @sfcreated @sfis @sfLanni's @sfpromissory @sfnote @sf(that @sfis,
@sfLanni’s @sf IOU @sfto @sfthe @sfbank).
b. Lanni @sftransfers @sffinancial @sfassets @sf(cash) @sfto @sfthe @sfsoftware @sfdevelopers. @ s f In
@sfreturn, @sfLanni @sfgets @sfa @sfreal @sfasset, @sfthe @sfcompleted @sfsoftware. @sfNo
@sffinancial @sfassets @sfare @sfcreated @sfor @sfdestroyed; @sfcash @sfis @sfsimply @sftransferred
@sffrom @sfone @sfparty @sfto @sfanother.
c. Lanni @sfgives @sfthe @sfreal @sfasset @sf(the @sfsoftware) @sfto @sfMicrosoft @sfin @sfexchange
@sffor @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset, @sf1,500 @sfshares @sfof @sfMicrosoft @sfstock. @ s f If @sfMicrosoft
@sfissues @sfnew @sfshares @sfin @sforder @sfto @sfpay @sfLanni, @sfthen @sfthis @sfwould @sfrepresent
@sfthe @sfcreation @sfof @sfnew @sffinancial @sfassets.
d. Lanni @sfexchanges @sfone @sffinancial @sfasset @sf(1,500 @sfshares @sfof @sfstock) @sffor
@sfanother @sf($120,000). @sfLanni @sfgives @sfa @sffinancial @sfasset @sf($50,000 @sfcash) @sfto
@sfthe @sfbank @sfand @sfgets @sfback @sfanother @sffinancial @sfasset @sf(its @sfIOU). @ s f The @sfloan
@sfis @sf"destroyed" @sfin @sfthe @sftransaction, @sfsince @sfit @sfis @sfretired @sfwhen @sfpaid @sfoff @sfand
@sfno @sflonger @sfexists.
, 8. a.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Cash $ @sf70,000 Bank @sfloan $ @sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ @sfequity 50,000
@sfTotal $100,000 Total $100,000
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$30,000/$100,000 @sf= @sf0.30
b.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Software @ s f product* $ @sf70,000 Bank @sfloan $ @sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ 50,000
@ s f equity
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
*Valued @sfat @sfcost
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$100,000/$100,000 @sf= @sf1.0
c.
Liabilities @sf&
Assets
Shareholders’ @ s f equity
Microsoft @sfshares $120,000 Bank @sfloan $
@sf50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ 100,000
@ s f equity
Total $150,000 Total $150,000
Ratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sfassets @sf= @sf$30,000/$150,000 @sf= @sf0.20
Conclusion: @sfwhen @sfthe @sffirm @sfstarts @sfup @sfand @sfraises @sfworking @sfcapital, @sfit @sfis
@sfcharacterized @sfby @sfa @sflow @sfratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal @sf assets. @sfWhen @sfit
@sfis @sfin @sffull @sfproduction, @sfit @sfhas @sfa @sfhigh @sfratio @sfof @sfreal @sfassets @sfto @sftotal
@sfassets. @ s f When @sfthe @sfproject @sf"shuts @sfdown" @sfand @sfthe @sffirm @sfsells @sfit @sfoff @sffor
@sfcash, @sffinancial @sfassets @sfonce @sfagain @sfreplace @sfreal @sfassets.
9. For @sfcommercial @sfbanks, @sfthe @sfratio @sfis: @sf$107.5/$10,410.9
@sf = @sf0.010 @sfFor @sfnon-financial @sffirms, @sfthe @sfratio @sfis:
$13,295/$25,164 @sf= @sf0.528
@sf
The @sfdifference @sfshould @sfbe @sfexpected @sfprimarily @sfbecause @sfthe @sfbulk @sfof @sfthe
@sfbusiness @sfof @sffinancial @sfinstitutions @sfis @sfto @sfmake @sfloans; @sfwhich @sfare
@sffinancial @sfassets @sffor @sffinancial @sfinstitutions.
10. a. Primary-market @ s f transaction
b. Derivative @ s f assets
c. Investors @sfwho @sfwish @sfto @sfhold @sfgold @sfwithout @sfthe @sfcomplication @sfand @sfcost
@sfof @sfphysical @sfstorage.
