HESI A2 Biology Study Guide (V2) – Part 1 | 52 Pages of Key Concepts, Diagrams & Practice [2025 Edition]

,📘 HESI A2 Biology Study Guide (Part 1)


Table of Content:
1. Anatomy & Physiology

 Overview of Human Body Systems
 Cell Structure and Function
 Major Organs and Their Functions
 Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

2. Biology

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Cell Structure & Function
 DNA and RNA Basics
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 Mitosis and Meiosis
 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
 Genetics Fundamentals
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3. Chemistry
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 Atomic Structure
 Periodic Table Basics
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 Chemical Bonds and Reactions
 Acids, Bases, and pH
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 Basic Stoichiometry

4. Mathematics

 Basic Arithmetic & Fractions
 Decimals and Percentages
 Ratios and Proportions
 Algebra Fundamentals
 Conversions and Measurements

5. Grammar

 Parts of Speech
 Sentence Structure
 Common Grammar Rules
 Punctuation
 Common Errors to Avoid

6. Vocabulary

,  Common Academic Vocabulary
 Medical Terminology Basics
 Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots
 Synonyms and Antonyms
 Context Clues

7. Reading Comprehension

 Types of Passages
 Main Idea and Supporting Details
 Inference and Conclusion
 Vocabulary in Context
 Strategies for Answering Questions
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, 1. Anatomy & Physiology

1. Overview of Human Body Systems

Integumentary System

 Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
 Functions:
o Protection against pathogens, physical damage, and dehydration
o Temperature regulation through sweat and blood flow
o Sensation via nerve endings
o Vitamin D synthesis with sun exposure
o Excretion of small amounts of waste through sweat

Skeletal System
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 Components: 206 bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
 Functions:
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o Structural support and shape for the body
o Protection of vital organs (skull, ribcage, etc.)
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o Movement in conjunction with muscles
o Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) in red bone marrow
o Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
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Muscular System
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 Components: Over 600 skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
 Types:
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o Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones
o Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, only in heart
o Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, in organs and vessels
 Functions:
o Body movement through contraction and relaxation
o Posture maintenance
o Heat production through muscle activity
o Movement of substances through organs (peristalsis)

Nervous System

 Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
 Divisions:
o Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves
o Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
 Functions:
o Information processing and control center
o Sensory perception