N3280 Final Exam 2025 Questions and
Answers
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste removal? -
ANS volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - ANS maintain composition and volume of body fluids, filter
and excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are needed, and excrete
waste product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - ANS remove the end products of metabolism, such as urea,
creatinine, and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and regulate fluid
balance
What does each nephron consist of? - ANS complicated system of arterioles, capillaries, and
tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANS approximately 1 million in each kidney
Bladder - ANS smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - ANS three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal layer, the
middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Pg. 1 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,Function of the sphincter - ANS guards opening between urinary bladder and urethra
Function of the urethra - ANS convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - ANS located below the urethra of a male
True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - ANS true. there is
no portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - ANS prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - ANS the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - ANS the nerve centers for this are
located in the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - ANS detrusor muscle contracts
internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - ANS bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or disease
Urinary incontinence - ANS any involuntary loss of urine
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,Dysuria - ANS painful or difficult urination
Frequency - ANS increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - ANS awakening at night to urinate
anuria - ANS 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - ANS 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - ANS excessive urination
proteinuria - ANS protein in the urine
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
glycosuria - ANS glucose in the urine
pyuria - ANS pus in the urine
Urgency - ANS strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - ANS involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - ANS voiding at night
Pg. 3 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, Factors affecting micturation - ANS developmental considerations
food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
medications
Effect of aging on urination - ANS increased frequency
urine retention stasis
voluntary control affected by physical problems
Food and fluid intake and urination - ANS decrease in food and fluid intake leads to more
concentrated urine
Foods high in water intake can increase output and high sodium content in food can cause
water retention
pyschological variables and urination - ANS personal and private for many people
can cause embarassment and anxiety
stress can inhibit relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Factors that can lead to decreased urinary muscle tone - ANS immobility - abdominal
muscles lose tone because they are not moving around
childbearing - everything gets stretched out once the baby is born
menopause
trauma - injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord can lead to decreased bladder tone
Pg. 4 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Answers
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste removal? -
ANS volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - ANS maintain composition and volume of body fluids, filter
and excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are needed, and excrete
waste product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - ANS remove the end products of metabolism, such as urea,
creatinine, and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and regulate fluid
balance
What does each nephron consist of? - ANS complicated system of arterioles, capillaries, and
tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANS approximately 1 million in each kidney
Bladder - ANS smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - ANS three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal layer, the
middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Pg. 1 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,Function of the sphincter - ANS guards opening between urinary bladder and urethra
Function of the urethra - ANS convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - ANS located below the urethra of a male
True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - ANS true. there is
no portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - ANS prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - ANS the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - ANS the nerve centers for this are
located in the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - ANS detrusor muscle contracts
internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - ANS bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or disease
Urinary incontinence - ANS any involuntary loss of urine
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,Dysuria - ANS painful or difficult urination
Frequency - ANS increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - ANS awakening at night to urinate
anuria - ANS 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - ANS 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - ANS excessive urination
proteinuria - ANS protein in the urine
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
glycosuria - ANS glucose in the urine
pyuria - ANS pus in the urine
Urgency - ANS strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - ANS involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - ANS voiding at night
Pg. 3 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, Factors affecting micturation - ANS developmental considerations
food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
medications
Effect of aging on urination - ANS increased frequency
urine retention stasis
voluntary control affected by physical problems
Food and fluid intake and urination - ANS decrease in food and fluid intake leads to more
concentrated urine
Foods high in water intake can increase output and high sodium content in food can cause
water retention
pyschological variables and urination - ANS personal and private for many people
can cause embarassment and anxiety
stress can inhibit relaxation of external urethral sphincter
Factors that can lead to decreased urinary muscle tone - ANS immobility - abdominal
muscles lose tone because they are not moving around
childbearing - everything gets stretched out once the baby is born
menopause
trauma - injury to the pelvic area or spinal cord can lead to decreased bladder tone
Pg. 4 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
