Beres Final Exam NRS302
What are the 4 psychosocial theories? - ANSWER: Disengagement theory
Active theory
Continuity theory
Self-Efficacy
What theory states that there is a mutual agreement between the older adult & society and that the
expectation is that the older adult will withdraw from society? - ANSWER: Disengagement theory. Withdrawal
is inevitable and the older adults will be replaced with younger adults.
What types of withdrawal are there? - ANSWER: Older adults have isolation and more free time with
retirement.
Older adults lose friendships after retirement. The people they are closest to are usually people from work
because they see their work friends more than their family.
The worst type of withdrawal is due to an illness that no longer allows them to work.
What theory states that older adults need to be encouraged to remain active? - ANSWER: Active theory. They
should be able to perform the same activities as they did in middle adulthood. They are recommended to have
friends in their own age range because they have more in common (because they were born in the same point
in history). The counter argument is that they should have friends younger to keep their mind sharp.
What is the main factor of involvement for the older adult? - ANSWER: Money
What theory states that older adults maintain personality as they age and that their behaviors are
predictable? - ANSWER: Continuity theory. The more active and social older adults are the better they are able
to cope because they have greater satisfaction with life.
*people do not change
,What theory states that people control events in their life because they want to achieve the best outcome? -
ANSWER: Self-efficacy. Hardy individuals don't let events control them. They take control and believe that
they will succeed.
Life-span development theory
1. Development is life long. Explain - ANSWER: Past life experiences will influence current experiences and will
prepare for the future. All experiences are important, no one part is more important than another.
Life-span development theory
2. Development depends on history and context. Explain - ANSWER: People develop under the conditions they
were born into.
What events in history took place between 1920-1930? - ANSWER: Great Depression. People who were born
in this era grew up learning to save $ because they did not have $ growing up.
What events took place in the 1940's? - ANSWER: People who were born in the 40s grew up during the
Vietnam War where many people moved to Canada to avoid the war.
Who are baby boomers? - ANSWER: They are the people born after WWII '46-'64
What events happened in 1969 that shaped America? - ANSWER: Man on the moon. Public broadcasting.
Woodstock (high use of LSD & marijuana). Civil rights movement
Who are the Gen-Xers? - ANSWER: People born 1960-1970. "Apathetic" generation, loners, slackers, latchkey
kids. Lack of authority.
Who are the Gen-Yers/Millenials? - ANSWER: 1977-1994. Tech smart, entrepreneurs, "digital" generation.
Sheltered lives. No stress. Helicopter moms
Life-span development theory
3. Development is multidimensional and multidirectional. Explain - ANSWER: Adults achieve balance because
there will always be decline and adults strive for growth.
Older adults take a little longer to find what they want to say but they still get it done.
,Older adults have a lot of wisdom and they can draw upon previous experiences.
Life-span development theory
4. Development is pliable. Explain - ANSWER: Adults can still maintain various levels of activity with little
instruction. They can still learn.
Domain of nursing vs Phenomena of nursing - ANSWER: Attitudes, concepts, values, beliefs vs. Person, health,
environment, nurse
Who/What is...
Target of care. Can be individual, individuals, family, or community - ANSWER: Person/patient
Who/What is...
External influences that impact a person. Stressors, family issues, changes in neighborhood...
Can conduct a windshield survey for this - ANSWER: Environment
What is the goal of care? - ANSWER: Health
What is the role of the nurse? - ANSWER: Care itself. Nurse pulls everything together (health of individual,
neighborhoods, environment to bring pt to optimal health).
Must look into financial status, insurance, spirituality...etc
Betty Neuman - ANSWER: Systems Theory (borrows from Gestalt theory of homeostasis). Striving for the
highest level of satisfaction.
Health is the best possible state of wellness at any given time (health is dynamic). Lines of defense prevent an
off balance.
The environment can penetrate the lines of defense and will cause a person to become ill. When the lines
become very ineffective the person will die.
, Sister Callista Roy - ANSWER: Adaption Model. A person is an open system that responds to and adapts to all
various stimuli and stressors in environment. Person must be able to change.
Degree of adaption is how they cope.
Person: Strives for balance and equilibrium. The individual has coping skills to adapt to stressors to maintain
homeostasis.
Environment: Stressors=job loss, death, loss of home, injury
Health: State of adaption from successful coping strategies. If a person can adapt, they will respond positively.
They will have the energy to face more challenges.
Nursing: Promotes adaptation with nursing process. Assess pt needs and coping style.
Dorothea Orem - ANSWER: Self-Care model. Pt must learn self care and independence. Every person has
responsibility to take care of themselves and establish dependence.
Step 1: identify limitations
Step 2: develop strategies
Environment: How environment impacts self care or how care is done for the pt
Health: Body, mind, & spirit. Structural and functional soundness to meet self care needs (MASLOW)
What are the three levels of dependence? - ANSWER: Total: Pt can't do anything
Partial: Nurse and pt share tasks
Supportive: Nurse acts a consultant, teacher, resource
*Paralyzed individuals can instruct their care to caregiver
Where is Dorothea Orem's model usually implemented? Where is Sister Callista Roy's model used? - ANSWER:
Rehab facilities. Injured people
Jean Watson - ANSWER: Theory of Human Caring- wants the core value of nursing to be caring. She was the
1st caring theorist in the 70's
Commitment to a pt (nursing is profession) through caring. When a nurse is committed it allows to view from
pt perspective (gets rid of stereotypes and judgements).
What are the 4 psychosocial theories? - ANSWER: Disengagement theory
Active theory
Continuity theory
Self-Efficacy
What theory states that there is a mutual agreement between the older adult & society and that the
expectation is that the older adult will withdraw from society? - ANSWER: Disengagement theory. Withdrawal
is inevitable and the older adults will be replaced with younger adults.
What types of withdrawal are there? - ANSWER: Older adults have isolation and more free time with
retirement.
Older adults lose friendships after retirement. The people they are closest to are usually people from work
because they see their work friends more than their family.
The worst type of withdrawal is due to an illness that no longer allows them to work.
What theory states that older adults need to be encouraged to remain active? - ANSWER: Active theory. They
should be able to perform the same activities as they did in middle adulthood. They are recommended to have
friends in their own age range because they have more in common (because they were born in the same point
in history). The counter argument is that they should have friends younger to keep their mind sharp.
What is the main factor of involvement for the older adult? - ANSWER: Money
What theory states that older adults maintain personality as they age and that their behaviors are
predictable? - ANSWER: Continuity theory. The more active and social older adults are the better they are able
to cope because they have greater satisfaction with life.
*people do not change
,What theory states that people control events in their life because they want to achieve the best outcome? -
ANSWER: Self-efficacy. Hardy individuals don't let events control them. They take control and believe that
they will succeed.
Life-span development theory
1. Development is life long. Explain - ANSWER: Past life experiences will influence current experiences and will
prepare for the future. All experiences are important, no one part is more important than another.
Life-span development theory
2. Development depends on history and context. Explain - ANSWER: People develop under the conditions they
were born into.
What events in history took place between 1920-1930? - ANSWER: Great Depression. People who were born
in this era grew up learning to save $ because they did not have $ growing up.
What events took place in the 1940's? - ANSWER: People who were born in the 40s grew up during the
Vietnam War where many people moved to Canada to avoid the war.
Who are baby boomers? - ANSWER: They are the people born after WWII '46-'64
What events happened in 1969 that shaped America? - ANSWER: Man on the moon. Public broadcasting.
Woodstock (high use of LSD & marijuana). Civil rights movement
Who are the Gen-Xers? - ANSWER: People born 1960-1970. "Apathetic" generation, loners, slackers, latchkey
kids. Lack of authority.
Who are the Gen-Yers/Millenials? - ANSWER: 1977-1994. Tech smart, entrepreneurs, "digital" generation.
Sheltered lives. No stress. Helicopter moms
Life-span development theory
3. Development is multidimensional and multidirectional. Explain - ANSWER: Adults achieve balance because
there will always be decline and adults strive for growth.
Older adults take a little longer to find what they want to say but they still get it done.
,Older adults have a lot of wisdom and they can draw upon previous experiences.
Life-span development theory
4. Development is pliable. Explain - ANSWER: Adults can still maintain various levels of activity with little
instruction. They can still learn.
Domain of nursing vs Phenomena of nursing - ANSWER: Attitudes, concepts, values, beliefs vs. Person, health,
environment, nurse
Who/What is...
Target of care. Can be individual, individuals, family, or community - ANSWER: Person/patient
Who/What is...
External influences that impact a person. Stressors, family issues, changes in neighborhood...
Can conduct a windshield survey for this - ANSWER: Environment
What is the goal of care? - ANSWER: Health
What is the role of the nurse? - ANSWER: Care itself. Nurse pulls everything together (health of individual,
neighborhoods, environment to bring pt to optimal health).
Must look into financial status, insurance, spirituality...etc
Betty Neuman - ANSWER: Systems Theory (borrows from Gestalt theory of homeostasis). Striving for the
highest level of satisfaction.
Health is the best possible state of wellness at any given time (health is dynamic). Lines of defense prevent an
off balance.
The environment can penetrate the lines of defense and will cause a person to become ill. When the lines
become very ineffective the person will die.
, Sister Callista Roy - ANSWER: Adaption Model. A person is an open system that responds to and adapts to all
various stimuli and stressors in environment. Person must be able to change.
Degree of adaption is how they cope.
Person: Strives for balance and equilibrium. The individual has coping skills to adapt to stressors to maintain
homeostasis.
Environment: Stressors=job loss, death, loss of home, injury
Health: State of adaption from successful coping strategies. If a person can adapt, they will respond positively.
They will have the energy to face more challenges.
Nursing: Promotes adaptation with nursing process. Assess pt needs and coping style.
Dorothea Orem - ANSWER: Self-Care model. Pt must learn self care and independence. Every person has
responsibility to take care of themselves and establish dependence.
Step 1: identify limitations
Step 2: develop strategies
Environment: How environment impacts self care or how care is done for the pt
Health: Body, mind, & spirit. Structural and functional soundness to meet self care needs (MASLOW)
What are the three levels of dependence? - ANSWER: Total: Pt can't do anything
Partial: Nurse and pt share tasks
Supportive: Nurse acts a consultant, teacher, resource
*Paralyzed individuals can instruct their care to caregiver
Where is Dorothea Orem's model usually implemented? Where is Sister Callista Roy's model used? - ANSWER:
Rehab facilities. Injured people
Jean Watson - ANSWER: Theory of Human Caring- wants the core value of nursing to be caring. She was the
1st caring theorist in the 70's
Commitment to a pt (nursing is profession) through caring. When a nurse is committed it allows to view from
pt perspective (gets rid of stereotypes and judgements).
